Zomi libraries

Part1.Moses thukham sang a masa zaw thukham

Babylon K*mpipa Hammurabi Khangtangthu (The History of King Hammurabi)

1. Thupatna

Ancient Near East khangtangthu sungah Babylon gamgolpi a phutkhia k*mpipa lianpi Hammurabi (r. 1792–1750 BCE) pen central Mesopotamia gamsungah Amorite khanggui pan k*mpipa a gukna ahi hi. Amah pen leitung khangtangthu ah gamkek siamna bek hang hi lo-in, leitung thukham piankhiatna tangthu ah a thupipen leh (peace and security) kikepna hoihtak a om theih nading "Hammurabi Thukham Bu" (Code of Hammurabi) a at khiapa ahihna hangin mipi in a thei phadiak ahi uh hi. K*mpipa thak a hih cilin, Babylon pen Mesopotamian zangkuam or zanglei gamsungah khua neu, a thahat het lo te lakah khua khat bek a hih hangin, ama vaihawm siamna, galkap gualzawhnate, leh gam dangte tawh kizopna a bawlsiamna hangin c. 1750 BCE a tun ciangin gamsung buppi a ukzo k*mpipa thahatpen suak hi. Ama ukna tangthu sungah thukhenna, leilet tui-lampi bawlna, biakinn liatsakna, leh thukham kiciantak a patkhiatna te in a nungsang khang adingin enlawm le thupitak in a bawl hi.

2. Neulai Nuntakna leh a minpi (Early Life and Full Name)

Hammurabi pen c. 1810 BCE khawngin ancient Babylon khua ah suak hi. A Khanggui tangthu en le hang, nineteenth(19) century BCE sungah Mesopotamian zangkuam a omna Amorite ukpi Sumu-abum pan a piang k*mpipa khanggui ahi hi. Amah pen Sin-muballit' tapa, Apil-Sin' tupa, Sabium' tu-sawn , leh Sumu-la-el' tuu-khang k*mpipa ahi hi. Hammurabi ii neulai nuntakna ah thute ki tel cian kim lo mah a, ahi zongin k*mpipa tokhom a luah ma-in ama neulai nuntakna pen a dang k*mpipa thahat te leh U lian khempeuh te ii vang nuai ah a hong khang ahi hi.
"Hammurabi" kici min pen Amorite te minam pau pan a piang hi-in, "Hammurapi" ahizongin "Khammurabi" ahizongin kigelhthei hi. Hih min etymology (pianzia) en le hang, Amorite pau 'Ammurāpi pan a piang hi-in, 'Ammu (pata sisan / paternal kinsman / family) leh Rāpi (damtheihna pia pa/ healer / improver) cihna kammalte kigawm ahi hi. Akkadian/Arabic biakna kampau tawh zong kizomm-in "family is widespread" (ka innkuan gam kek hi) ahizongin "Am is great" (`Am pasian thahat hi) cihna zong kigen hi. Khanglui Lai Siangtho simbu thukanna ah Hammurabi pen Genesis 14:1 sunga kigelha a om Amraphel (k*mpipa Amraphel) tawh kibang kici-in Tangthukan mi tampi ten um hi.

3. K*mpipa Tokhom Luahna (Rise to the Throne)

c. 1792 BCE in Hammurabi pen a naupang mahmah lai (k*m 18 khawng) a hih laitakin, a pa Sin-muballit cidam lohna hangin ukna pan intawp a, a Pa in amah k*mpipa tokhom a na luah sak hi. Hammurabi in tokhom a luah cilin, Babylon pen k*mpigam neu leh a thahat lo mahmah khat a na hi hi. Tua hun lai-in Babylon ukna nuai-ah khua neu pawlkhat ahi Babylon, Kish, Sippar, leh Borsippa bek a na om hi. A kiim-ah k*mpigam lianpipi leh galkap thahatpipi te in a uum ciangin, gamvai vaihawmna (geopolitics) haksatna lianpi a na phu ahi hi.

A kiim ah k*mpigam lianpipi omte pen a nuai a bang ahi uh hi:

° Larsa:
Khanglam (South) ah Larsa k*mpipa Rim-Sin I thahat mahmah hi.Amah pen khanglam gam-phei or gam zang lei(plain) buppi a uk k*mpipa hi-in, Hammurabi tokhom a luah k*m mah-in Isin khua a thahatna tawh a lak ahi hi.

° Eshnunna:
Nisuahna-saklam (Northeast) ah Diyala River dung tui-ukna (water control) lam khempeuh Ibal-pi-El II ukna nuai-ah Eshnunna gamsung a thahat mahmah hi hi.

° Assyria:
Saklam (North) ah Assyrian k*mpipa Shamshi-Adad I in Mesopotamia laizang (central) leh Anatolia gamte a na uk khin hi.

° Elam:
Nisuahna (East) lam gam-phei ah thahatpen hi-in, gam neute lakah dawi-kulh (ghost fortress/stronghold ) bangin sum (siah) a khon den, leh galkap tawh thahat natawh gam dangte a nawk or a do den k*mpigam ahi hi.

Hih geopolitical haksatna lakah Hammurabi in a vaihawm k*m 10 khawng sung mipi cidamna leh public works (kulh-sâng lamsakna, biakinn lianpi lamna, leh canals tui-lampi thak bawlna) bek sem-in, kiim le pam tawh kilemna a na bawlkhia phot ahihi.a mah gam sung teng khantoh na ding khempeuh a sem masa phot a hihi. Tua khit a thahat ciang in damdam in a kiim le pam gamkek hong ki pan hi.

4. Babylon K*mpigam Kekna (Expansion of the Babylonian Empire)

Hammurabi in gamkek dingin c. 1787 BCE pan galkap panmun la-in a pan hi. Hih hun lai-in Rim-Sin I' khut nuai panin Uruk leh Isin khua te a na laksak hi. Ahi zongin galkap gamkekna lianpi pen nisuahna lam pan Elam mite in gam-phei (plain) zang gamsung a hong nawkna uh hangin thu lian phadiak hi. Elam k*mpipa Siwe-Palar-Huppak in Eshnunna gam suksia-in, Babylon leh Larsa gamte a kisel nadingin sutuah(duplicity) a na bawl hi. Hammurabi in hih Elam mite' thusim a theih ciangin, Larsa k*mpipa Rim-Sin I tawh kilemna (alliance) bawl-in Elam mite na nawlhkhia khawm uh hi.

Hih Elam mite tawh a kidona uh ah Larsa k*mpipa Rim-Sin I in galkap a na khak loh hangin Hammurabi heh mahmah a, c. 1763 BCE in galkap thahatna tawh khanglam gam-phei gamsung buppi a hih Larsa gamgolpi a va la hi. Hih khit ciangin, saklam khua te a hih Yamhad leh Mari gamte pan galkap in khanglam ah Hammurabi a va huhna uh hangin, saklam ah linglawn na (unrest) a na piang hi. Hammurabi in a galkap gualzote saklam (north) lam-ah Pai sak-in, c. 1761 BCE khawngin a nagaldo khoppih lawmkhua (former ally) ahi Mari gam a na laksak hi. Eshnunna gam a suksiat khit ciangin, saklam gam-phei (northern plain) khempeuh ama khut nuai-ah a na la khin hi. Tua khit ciangin Assyria k*mpipa Ishme-Dagan I zong galkap thahatna tawh a na nawlhkhia a, a tapa Mut-Ashkur in siah (tribute) a piak nadingin a na kiciamsak hi. Hih bangin a gualzawhnate khempeuh hangin, Mesopotamia gamsung buppi a kigawm khawm k*mpigam lian (Old Babylonian Empire) khat in a na piang ahi hi.

5. Ukna leh Vaihawmna (Administration and Government)

Hammurabi in a k*mpigam lianpi a uk nadingin gamvai vaihawmna siazian kicing (centralized bureaucracy) a dinkhia hi. Gambup gam-khenna (provincial) munte ah ukpite leh biakna lam uliante a seh khit ciangin, amah mah in thukhenna lai te, gamsung nek leh dawn (agriculture and administration)vaihawmna, leh sumdonna vai khempeuh siazian tawh hoih tak in thupia hi. Mipi in amah pen "gam lam sang pa" (builder of the land / bani matim) ci-in a minam pahtakna lianpi pia uh a, a hang pen gamsung nek le dawn (agriculture and administration)nading tui-lampi (irrigation canals) lianpipi te, an-khum/an-kuang (granaries), leh Euphrates gun tungah lei (bridges) lamsakna bante hang ahi hi.

Babylon ukna vaihawmna sungah mipi bulpi thum in a nuai a bangin khentheih hi:

1.Awīlum (The Elite Class):
K*mpipa, ukpite, siampite, galkap uliante, leh sumzuak haute.

2.Muškēnum (The Commoners):
Nasemte, tenant farmers (loloite), leh mipi mawlte.

3.Wardum (The Slaves):
Salte (sal kizuak kileite), ahi zongin hih thukham nuai ah amau adingin certain legal rights te zong kician takin kiam hi.

Khanglui Mesopotamian biakna siazian ah k*mpipa pen thukham tungah om hi lo-in, pasian' geelna zui-in "thukham nuai ah" a om k*mpipa (shepherd) ahi hi.

6. Hammurabi Thukham Bu (The Code of Hammurabi)

Hammurabi Thukham Bu pen c. 1753 BCE lian-in a piang, leitung khangtangthu ah "thukham kiciamtak" a kigelhna masa pen leh a thupipen khat ahi hi. A thu te a nuai-a bangin atomin kikhual thei hi:

° A Pianzia: Basalt suangtum sângpi (7.4 feet) tungah Akkadian cuneiform laimal tawh kigelh hi. Suangtungah Hammurabi in thukhenna pasian Shamash kiang pan thukham a lak laitak a suangtung ah kilak hi.

° A Sung Thute: Thupatna (Prologue), Thukham 282, leh Thukhupna (Epilogue) kigawm line 4,130 val om hi.

° Thubulpi (Philosophy):simmawh na ngah khat "A mit lang khat a kisuksiat sak leh tua pa mit,zong kisuksiat sak ding hi" " mit lang khat tang mit lang khat " " Ha khat tang Ha khat "(lex talionis) kici thukham hangin minthang mahmah hi.

° Ngiimna Bulpi: "Thahat miten a thahat lote a zawh thawh lohna ding" (To prevent the strong from oppressing the weak) leh mipi khempeuh ading thukhenna man nading ahi hi.

° Legal Rights: Upmawhna bek tawh kuamah gim-pia lo-in, tetti (witness) leh thuman dinpihna (presumption of innocence) siazian a at khia khangtangthu-a k*mpipa masa pen Pa (Hammudabi ) ahi hi.

Hih thukham pen leitung biakna tuamtuamte (gentehna: Moses Thukham) adingin zong tetti-lahna leh etteh ding hoih mahmah khat a na hi hi.

(A)

1.(1-5 kikal)⚖️ Judiciary:
Zuau-tat (false testimony) a nei mite tungah khauhtakin gim-piak ding.[1]

2.(6-25 kikal)🏠 Property:
Mi' neihsa a gu-te sihna (death penalty) tawh gim-pia thei hi.

3.(26-41kikal)🌾 Agriculture:
Tui-lampi (canals) hoihtak a kem lo-a mi' mehteh mehngah a suksiat leh, tua mipa pen liauna (compensation) pia ding hi.[1]

4.(42-65)👨‍👩‍👧 Family:
Numeite adingin neihsa-lam leh kikhenna (divorce) lam-ah rights (thukham kician) a na dinkhia hi.gtn. Numei le pasal kiten ciang in numei ten pasal te tung ah man pia uh hi.deih lo in kikhenna om leh atate uh leh mopi na man te a pasal in pia kik ding hi. Inn sung ah numei te bit na ding a thukhun a bawl a hihi.

5.🩺 Professionals: Zato siam (doctor) khat in gell loh pi in mi khat a sihsak (failed surgery) leh, tua zato siampa' khut khat ki tan sak hi.

Hammudabi thukham bawl vekpi pen 282 hi a, Moses thukham tawh a ki bang lo a om hang in tam lo hi.
Gtn..1. Ha tang khat a ding Ha tang khat .
2.khut lang khat a ding khut lang khat cih dan tuam"

7. Biakna leh Ngeina (Religion and Culture)

Hammurabi vaihawmna sungah Babylon pasian Marduk a biakna lianpi khat phutkhia a, hih pasian pen pasian Anu leh Bel (Enlil) te in leitung uk dingin a guatna uha laisim na mun te ah at uh hi. Amah(Hammudabi )pen biakna lam ah a Pasian tung mi citak (devout) khat ahih manin Nippur, Eridu, Babylon, leh Sippar khua lakah biakinn thupi tuamtuamte a lamsak hi. Amah nuntak lai-in pasian bang phial in zong mipi in a pahtak uh hi. Ama hun sungah Old Babylonian kampau (dialect) zong thupitakin a khangto a, laisiam siamna (literate culture) zong Mesopotamia buppi ah a zel hi.

8. Galkap lam Gualzawhnate (Military Achievements)

Hammurabi ii galkap gualzawhnate pen leitung tangthu ah ngaihsut tak ciamteh tak khat ahi hi, a hang pen Hammudabi in gam thahat mahmah te a zawh gawp man ahihi. Galkap engineering lam ah a kician mahmah dynamic strategies te a zang hi:

1.Fortifications:
Babylon khua a kiimkot ah defensive city walls sângpipi lamsakna, mipi cidamna leh defensive stronghold a patkhiatna.

2.Bridges:
Euphrates gun tungah galkap leh mipi kizopna lampi adingin bridges thupi tak in lamsakna.

3.Shifting Alliances:
Elam, Larsa, Mari, leh Eshnunna k*mpigamte geopolitics lakah kilemna kizopna phut-in,tua khit ciangin khat khit khat suksiatna (alliances made and broken).

Amah pen galkap kizopna tawh galzawh na or thudam (diplomatic warfare) a zatsiam mahmah k*mpipa ahi hi.

9. Hammudabi Sihna leh K*mpi za kituh na (Death and Successors)

Hammurabi pen c. 1750 BCE khawngin, 43 years a uk khit ciangin si hi. A tokhom zui-in a tapa Samsu-iluna (r. 1749–1712 BCE) in vaihawmna ah atu hi. Ahi zongin Samsu-iluna vaihawmna sungah empire a khenkhen (fragmentation) leh kiphutkikna (violent uprisings) lianpipi piang hi.

Samsu-iluna vaihawm k*m 9th ah Rim-Sin II in Larsa ah gam kiphutkikna thak bawl-in, khua 26 (Uruk, Ur, Isin, Kisurra tuamtuam te) in a na zui uh hi. Samsu-iluna in hih kiphutkikna suksia-in, Iluni of Eshnunna ex*****on a na bawl zongin, Ur leh Uruk khuate ii walls a pat khit ciangin hih khuate a sawtlo in mipi in nusia uh hi. Kuturnahunte I of Elam in wall-less cities te laksak hi. Kassite galkapte zong Samsu-iluna vaihawm k*m 9th na ah na susia uh a, hih pen Kassite mite ii khangtangthu masa pen ahi hi. Sealand Dynasty (under Ilima-ilum) zong ki pankhia-in, Isin leh Nippur khuate laksak hi. Samsu-iluna in a pa' empire unified siazian a bang in gambup agawm Khawm zo nawn kei hi.

10. Hammudabi khutma or khekhap(Legacy)

Hammurabi tangthu en lehang, amah a sih khit lamin mipi in k*mpipa gamkek thahat leh leitung cidamna or hoihna tawh a zel sakpa ci in a bia uh hi. Ahi zongin a sihkhit zawh khang hong pai toto ciang in ama galkap gualzawhnate kithei khol nawn lo-in, leitung thukham hoih pia pa(ideal lawgiver) hihna pen a thupipen in a kiciamteh ta hi. Mesopotamia tangthu ah ama vaihawmna pen thupiang masa khempeuh adingin tetti-lahna (reference point) in kiciamteh den hi.
c. 1901 k*m ah Jacques de Morgan's team (French archaeologists) te in Susa (Iran) khua panin hih basalt suangtum a mu kik uh hi (12th century BCE hun lai-in Elam k*mpipa Shutruk-Nahhunte in spoils of war in Babylon pan a na laksak ahi hi). Hih suangtum pen tu-in Paris khua a Louvre Museum ah thupitakin kikem hi.

Lai Siangtho sunga Moses Thukham (Mosaic Law) leh Hammurabi Thukham kibatna (structural & thematic overlaps) bante zong thukanna tampi om hi. Ahi zongin biakna thukanna lam pan en lehang:

° Hammurabi Code: Royal administrative propaganda, k*mpipa' thahatna leh vaihawmna lahna.

° Mosaic Law (Torah): Yahweh's covenant with Israel, mipi nuntakna siazian leh biakna nuntakna bulpi.

Hih tangthute in Hammurabi pen khanglui Near East gamsungah thukham leh vaihawmna tangthu a patkhia k*mpipa thupipen khat ahihna kiciantakin a lak a hihi.

# # **Achaean League: US Constitution i Bulpi**
Mi tampi in a theih loh thukhat in: American gam nakpitak a,a khantoh theih na ding a Founding Fathers te in US Constitution a gelh ma-un, amaute’n **Achaean League** (Greek gam kigawmna) pan pilna la-in a etteh lianpen uh hi.

Hih Achaean League pen Greek khuapi-gamte kigawmna hi-a, BC 280 hun lai-in nakpi takin a khangto ahi hi. Amaute ngimna pen: khuapi khat ciat ama ki ukna or suaktakna (autonomy) neisak kawm sa-in, kidalna leh vaihawmna a mau mun ciat ah neih nading uh ahi hi.
**James Madison** leh America phuat khia masate in, hih Achaean League i hoihna leh a nuntakna uh a zon ciangun, a nuaia point (7) te mukhia uh hi:

# # # **Achaean League Pan America In A Etteh Thute:**

**1. Kigawmna Innpi (Common Federal Assembly)**
Khuapi khempeuh pan palai (representatives) kikhawm in thupitak khentatna bawl khawm uh hi.

**2. Thukham Bawl Pawlpi (Common Council / Senate)**
Gam vaihawmna ding thukham a gelh leh a makaih ding Council khat kinei hi.

**3. Kiteelna Makai (Elected Strategos)**
K*m khat simin mipi teelna tawh galkap makai leh thunei lianpen (Strategos) khat ciat nei uh hi.

**4. Khua khat ciat i suaktakna or ki ukna (Local Autonomy)**
Khuapi khat ciat in ama mimal thukham leh ama gam sung vaihawmna a tuam in len gige uh hi.

**5. Gamdang Kizopna (Common Foreign Policy)**
Galdona, kilemna, leh gamdang tawh kizopna thute pen kigawmna (central) pan khensat khawm uh hi.

**6. Sum leh Sumzonna Thukham (Common Currency & Trade)**
Gam kigawmna sung khempeuh ah sum kikhat sak uh a, sumzonna zong thukham khat nuai-ah kalsuan khawm uh hi.

**7. Gam-mi Hihna Kibang (Equal Citizenship Rights)**
Khuapi khat sunga gam-mi i dikna (rights) pen a dang kigawmna sunga khuapi khempeuh ah zong kibang hi.

# # # **A Tom-in Gen Leng:**
Modern hun i tun ma k*m tampi laiin, Greek-te in kigawmna (federal system) taktak na nei khin uh hi. **United States a piang ma-in, Greek-te model na om khinsa ahi hi.**

**Leitung a company lian penpen teng in Bang hang in Israel ngaih mahmah uh hiam**

Leitung ah a manpha pen companies top 10 te en pak ni.
Leitung ah a manpha pen companies te laka khatna pen **Nvidia** ahi hi. A manphatna pen

1.**Nvidia**. $5.23 trillion bang pha hi. 2.**Google** $4.8 trillion.
3.**Apple** $4.3 trillion.
4.**Microsoft**. $3.08 trillion.
5.**Amazon** $2.93 trillion.
6.**TSMC** $2.135 trillion.
7.**Broadcom**. $2.03 trillion.
8.**Saudi Aramco** $1.753 trillion.
9.**Tesla** $1.608 trillion.
10.**Meta** $1.54 trillion.
11.**Samsung**. $1.205 trillion.

Hih companies te 11 lakah, Israel gam ah nasepna a nei zah zah bang zah hiding in na lamen hiam? Hih companies te 11 lakah bang zah in Israel gam ah nasia takin nasepna khangto sak (doubling down) deuhdeuh uh hiam?

A nuai ah 11 lak ah 10 en suk ni ei.

1.**Nvidia:**

Nvidia in Israel gam sungah R&D mun lianpi (sites) 5 nei a, nasepna (offices) zong mun tuamtuam ah nei uh hi. Nasep mi 5,000 val nei uh a, tu nai in zong Tel Aviv khuapi a inn sang (tower) khat ah floor 18 bang a zang dingin a nasepna uh khangto sak uh hi.
Nvidia, company in Israel ah campus thak khat zong hong ding sawm lai uh a, mi 10,000 bang nasep pia ding uh hi, ci-in pulak khia uh hi. Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang in March 2026 d**g "100% kipiakhia-in" Israel panpih ding kipsak a, hih gam pen company adingin "Innpi nihna" (second home) leh AI khantohna ding mualsuang ahihna pulak hi.

**Google:**

Google in Israel ah pen 2005 in company hong a, Tel Aviv leh Haifa khuate ah R&D mun lianpi nei uh hi. Nasep mi 2,000 bang nei-in AI, machine learning, leh cloud technology lam ah nasepna lianpi nei uh hi.

**Apple:**

Israel gam sungah Apple in leitung buppi ah a nihna a lian pen R&D mun ah nasepna nei hi. Apple in Israel gam a nuai a munte ah nasepna nei hi:

* **Apple Herzliya:** R&D munpi leh campus a lian pen hi.

* **Haifa:** R&D company thupi mahmah khat.

* **Jerusalem:** Processor bawlna lam a buaipih bulpi, 2022 in kihong.
Hih companies lianpi te in engineer mi 2,000 bang Israel ah nei hi. Apple in Israel startup company te zong (Anobit leh PrimeSense) lei-in a nasepna khangto sak hi. Tu-in Herzliya Pituah ah nasepna khangto ding leh office tower floor 32 a sang ding lamlai tak uh hi.

**Microsoft:**
Hih company in R&D mun lianpi nei a (1991 in kiphuan, US pua lam ah a masa pen), Herzliya, Tel Aviv, Haifa, Nazareth, leh Beer Sheva munte ah nasep mi tul tampi nei-in AI, cyber security, leh cloud technologies lam a seppii uh hi.

**Amazon:**

Amazon zong Israel ah khangto mahmah a, tech khantohna, cloud computing (AWS), leh local e-commerce lamte thahat sak uh hi. Nasepna leh kizopna (logistics) lam zong hanciam takin khangto sak semsem uh hi.

**TSMC:**

TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) in Israel tech sector tawh khut ki len-in nasia takin nasem khawm uh hi. Avnet ASIC Israel Ltd. (AAI) tawh mapang khawm-in Israel startup-te adingin chip (4nm technology) bawlna lam ah nasiasak mahmah uh hi. TSMC pen Israel AI technology khantohna adingin a khut len pih thupi mahmah khat a hihi.

**Broadcom:**

Broadcom Israel pen semiconductors, networking, leh software lam ah R&D bul thupi khat hi a, Herzliya, Tel Aviv, leh Nazareth ah nasep mi 800 bang nei uh hi.

**Tesla:**

May 2026 dinmun ah Tesla in Israel ah mun 5, service center tampi, leh Supercharger network lianpi nei hi. 2021 pan Israel ah lut uh a, tu-in Jerusalem ah zong office thak khat nei ta uh hi.

**Meta:**

Meta in Tel Aviv leh Herzliya ah R&D mun lianpi nei a, nasep mi 900 bang nei uh hi. Israel technology khantohna ah Meta zong nasia takin kihel hi.

**Samsung:**

Samsung in Israel ah R&D mun leh sumbul(investment) tampi nei a, Israel smartphone market ah 50% bang amaute nuntakna hi. Herzliya a om Samsung R&D Institute Israel (SRIL) pen 1997 in kiphuan a, AI leh camera technology lam ah nasepna lianpi nei uh hi.
Leitung a manpha pen companies te 11 lakah 10 pen Israel thahatna ding a deih (Zionists) te ahi uh hi.
Hih pen thupiang mawkmawk (coincidence) hiam? Hih ding ka lamen kei hi.
🇮🇱💪❤️🙏✡️🇺🇸
Oh, hih mawk ah, laisiangtho kammal a tawpna lam phawk gige ni:

**"Israel thupha a pia mite in thupha ngah ding uh a, a hamsiat (curse) mite in hamsiatna thuak ding uh hi."**
Israel langpang khempeuh min list khat bawl le-un, thupitna khat na mu ding uh hi.

**Buaina leh mangbangna (Chaos)!**

Iran, Yemen, Gaza, Lebanon, UK, Australia, South Africa, leh France... ka zom lai ding hiam?
A tawpna ah: Eite lam (Israel lam) a pang mite pen nuam takin khangto uh hi.
I lam a pang lo mite maw? Tua zah in nuam khol lo uh hi.

**Am Yisrael Chai!** (Israel minam nungta gige hen!)

Part 2 - Galpi Nihna Hun leh Tedim Road Strategic Analysis (Zomite khuapi masa)

​Galpi nihna hun lai-in Tedim khuapi pen Japan leh British (Allied forces) te kidona mun thupi khat a hi hi. K*m 1943 ciangin Chin Hills pen front line (gal dawn) a piang a, Allied forces te in Burma Japan-te’ khut pan-a lak kik theih na dingin Tedim Road a zang uh hi.

​Tedim Road: A Corridor of Death

​Tedim Road pen Imphal (Manipur) leh Tedim khuapi a kizomna lampi hi-a, 265 km a sau ahi hi. Hih lampi pen British-te in military movements ading a bawl uh hi-a, Allied forces-te’ "plan for the reconquest of Burma" ading a thupi mahmah lampi ahi hi. K*m 1943 ciangin 17th Indian Division te in Tedim-ah divisional headquarters a phuan uh hi.

​Japan-te in Tedim a luh uh ciangin, kidona thupi mahmah "Battle of Leisan Mual" (Basha Hill) pen May 25, 1943 ni-in a piang a, Chin Levies leh Chin Hills Battalion te in Japan gal-te tampi a that uh hi. Hih kidona-ah Chin Levies te’ thahatna leh gamsung a khelzia uh hangin Japan-te in hamsa a sa mahmah uh hi.

WWII Kidona Munte. Ni-leh-Kha (Date)

1.Battle of Leisan Mual -------May 25, 1943 Early Thupitna- resistance success

2. Tedim Evacuation-------------March 15, 1944 Thupitna- Tactical withdrawal to Imphal

3.Battle of Tonzang--------------March 18, 1944 Thupitna - Roadblock clearance

4.Siege of Imphal March

Japan-te a thahat ciangin British-te pen March 15, 1944 ni-in Tedim pan-in a kisuankhia (evacuation) uh a, Imphal lamah a pai-khia uh hi. Japan te a taikhiat hun lai-in Tedim Road pen "corridor of death" kici phial-in, Tonzang leh Tuitum kikal-ah Japan-te in roadblock (lampi khakna) bawl-a kidona lianpi a piang ahi hi. Air dominance (huihlam thahatna) leh indigenous support (gamsung mi-te’ huhna) hangin Allied forces-te in Japan-te a dozo uh ahi hi.

# # Biakna leh Pau Cin Hau (Laipian) Movement

Tedim khuapi tangthu-ah biakna in nuntakna pumpi a len hi. Zomi-te tanglai biakna (Animism) pan-in Pau Cin Hau (Laipian) leh Christianity ah a hong kilaih hun pen 1800s tawp lam leh 1900s kipat lam ahi hi.

# # Pau Cin Hau Script leh Identity

Pau Cin Hau kici Tedim upa khat in mang leh kilakna (visions) a muhna pan-in 'Paucinhau religion' (Laipian) a phuan khia hi. Hih biakna pen "Lawki" zong kici-a, Tedim gam sungah nakpi-in a kizel hi. Pau Cin Hau in k*m 1902 ciangin "Pau Cin Hau Script" (Zo tual lai) kici, symbol 1,050 a pha lai a phuan khia a, hih in Zomi-te lai leh nam identity kicinna dingin a thupi mahmah ahi hi.
Hih script pen "liturgical purposes" (biakna vai-sepna) adin a ki-zang a, Tedim mi-te’ adin "sense of worth" ( manphana) a pia hi. Zomi-te in amaute’ lai a neihna uh hangin British leh Burmese-te lakah a min-neihna uh a kilangto hi.

# # Christianity leh Arthur Carson’s Legacy

Christianity biakna lamah, American Baptist missionary Arthur Carson leh a zi Laura Carson te March 15, 1899 ni-in Hakha a tun khit ciangin, April 1904 ciangin Tedim-ah station thak a hong kinei hi. Khuasak khua-a Thuam Hang leh Pau Suan te pen missionary-te’ khut pan-in a baptize masa (first converts) te a piangthakmasa te ahi uh hi.

Arthur Carson Ong nusiat khit ciangin Herbert Cope (Cope T**a) in k*m 30 sung Tedim-ah a sem a, k*m 1935 ciangin Tedim pau tawh Tedim Chin New Testament (Thak) a bawl khia hi. K*m 1938 ciangin Tedim gam sungah Christian mi 4,000 bang a pha hi. 1970s pan 1990s sungah "powerful revival" (biakna thak-suakna) a hong pian ciangin, Tedim khuapi pen Christian biakna laizang(center) lianpi khat in a h0ng piang ahi hi.

# # Administrative Changes: 1948 pan 2022 D**g

Myanmar (Burma) in 1948 ciangin British khut pan suahtakna a ngah ciangin, Tedim khuapi zong administrative structure thak sungah a lut hi. Panglong Agreement (1947) ah Tedim hausapa Pu Thawng Za Khup in suaikai-in Union of Burma phuan khia dingin a kihel hi.
Chin Special Division pan Tedim District
Burma suahtak khit ciangin "Chin Hills Special Division" a kiphuan a, Falam pen capital in a kideih hi. K*m 1974 ciangin constitution thak tawh "Chin State" in a kilaih a, k*mpi thak (Ne Win era) in capital pen Hakha-ah a suan hi.

# # Tedim Khuapi Veng Tuamtuam (Boroughs)

Tedim khuapi sungah 'veng' (boroughs/wards) poimawh mahmah li a om a, nuntakna leh vaihawmna thupi-in a kilen hi. Hih veng-te pen Tedim khuapi thak-in a hung khantotna lim ahi hi.

# Sakollam, Myoma, Lawibual, leh Leilum

Sakollam:
Tedim khuapi dawn lam (upper part) hi-a, tangthu nei mahmah veng khat ahi hi. Hih veng-ah tanglai nuntakna leh kizang mahmah lampi-te om hi.

Myoma:
Khuapi laizang (downtown) hi-a, k*mpi zum (administrative offices), su lei sumzuakna (market), leh vaihawmna munte a omna hi.

Lawibual:
Adventist church masa leh biakna lam thupi mahmah a nei veng ahi hi. Anderson missionary-te in hih veng-ah evangelistic meetings masa-te a neihna uh ahihi.

**Leilum:
Khuapi nuai lam (lower part) hi-a, nuntakna leh khanto mahmah veng khat ahi hi.

Tedim khuapi pen tuipi pan a sanna pen 3,711 ft (1,131 m) pha a, nuntakna leh zin-le-leng adin a nuam mahmah "pleasant climate" khua hun Nuam mahmah mun ahi hi. K*m 2020 population record in a lakna ah, Tedim khuapi sungah mi 20,000 kiim a teng uh hi.

#

Part 1 # # Tedim Khuapi Khang Tangthu: (Zomite khuapi masa)

Zomi Nam leh Gam Thu-leh-La Kancianna

​Tedim khuapi pen Chin State (Zogam), Myanmar gamsungah Hakha khuapi khit ciangin khuapi lianpen nihna ahi hi. Hih khuapi in Zomi-te’ tangthu, lai, biakna, leh vaihawmna lamah mun thupi mahmah khat hi a, k*mzalo tamveipi sung nam makaipi-te’ tenna leh gamsung kithuzakna laizang (administrative hub) ahi hi. Tedim khuapi khang tangthu kancianna in a lakna ah, hih khuapi pen galdon (warfare), vaihawmna (governance), leh biakna lam kicinna (religious center) tawh kigawm in a kiphuan khia ahi hi. Gamsung kithuzakna leh ukna vai-ah a laizang ahih mah bangin, galpi nihna (World War II) hun lai-ah zong gamgi kicinna lampi (Tedim Road) pen a thupi mahmah khat ahi hi.

# # Tedim Khuapi Min Pianzia leh a khiatna Kancianna

Tedim khuapi min piankhiatna tawh kisai-in tangthu leh linguistics (pau kancianna) lamah lunglut huai mahmah thute a om hi. Tedim kici thumal pen "te" leh "dim" kici thumal nih kigawm pan a hong piang ahi hi.

1.Te-Dim leh Etymology Analysis

Local Zo dialect (Tedim pau) ah "te" in a taang, a tee sak, a vak (bright/shine) cihna hi-a, "dim" in "twinkling" (a vak sepsep/a tee leplep) cihna ahi hi. Hih min pen mual tunga bual tui (pool) khat, ni’ taang (sunlight) hun ciangin a tee leplepna (twinkling in the sun) hangin a kiphuah kici hi.Linguistics lam kancianna te ah, "tē" (glitter) leh "dím" (full) cih thumal nih kigawm ciangin, tone sandhi (aw-suah kilaihzia) hangin "tédīm" kici aw-suah a piang ahi hi

Thado-Kuki pau tawh kithuzakna ah zong "Tiddim" kici-in "Ti" (mun/place) leh "dim" (ki-bukna mun/refuge) kici-in "kibelhna mun" cihna zong in ki gen hi. Hih mual dawn-a bual tui pen "bright" (te) leh "twinkling" (dim) ahih manin Tedim kici a, tangthu-ah siam te gen na ah hih mun pen Zomi-te khantotna masa (Ciimnuai) pan-a khua thak zon uh ciang-a a kimu hi-a, Zomi-te’ tenna lungmuanna mun khat ahi hi.

Thumal (Morpheme) A khiatna (Meaning)

Te Shine, Glitter, Bright

Dim Twinkling,Sparkling,Full

Tedim Brightly Twinkling Pool

Hih mual dawn-a bualtui pen sun-ni taang hang tawh a tang leplepin, Zomi-te’ ading a nopna leh a bitna lim (symbol of prosperity and safety) khat in a kingaihsun hi. Khuapi min pen natural landscape (gam pianzia) pan a hung ahih manin, hih gamsung nuntakna leh leitung pianzia kigawm-in a omna a lak hi.

# # Guite Ukna Hun leh Khuapi Masa Phuh Khiatna

Tedim khuapi kiphuh khia-a a tenna masa (first establishment) pen k*m 1600 kiim-in Gui Mang II kici, Guite k*mpi upa (Guite prince) khat in a phuat ahi hi. Hih hun pen Zomi gamsungah hausapa (chieftain) vaihawmna thahat mahmah hun hi-a, Guite-te in Tedim leh a kiim-a gamte a uk hun ahi hi.

# # Gui Mang II pan Pum Go Hun Khangthu

Gui Mang II in Tedim khua a phuh khit ciangin, amah zui-in Guite tupa tu-leh-ta te in zong Tedim mual dawn-ah khuapi a sat uh hi. Ahizongin, Gui Mang II pan-a khang nga na (fifth generation) ahi Gui Lun hun ciangin, Gui Lun a sih khit phet-in Tedim khua pen k*mzalo nih (two generations) sung bang ki nusiacip (deserted) in, kuamah teng nawn lo-in a om hi. Hih bangin khua ki nusia cip na pen makai om nawn loh man le galte(melma gal te ong zawhna - raids) hang leh vaihawmna thahatna lam kiamna hang ahi hi.

K*m bangzah hiam a sawt khit ciangin, Pum Go kici Guite upa khat in Tedim khua khat vei a thak-in sat kik(re-established) a, Guite-te’ political base (vaihawmna munpi) in Tedim pen a luah hi. Pum Go’ tapa Mang Suum II hun ciangin, " pawi gal" (Pawi mi - Zahau family) in Tedim khuapi a buluh uh ciangin Tedim khua pen thumveina a ki Sia kik ahi hi. Hih hun lai-in Hatlangh innkuan (Hatlangh family) pan Mang Gin kici hausapa khat in khua-a a om lai mite makaipi-dingin a zawn uh hi.
Hih Guite ukna hun in a lak thupi khat in, Tedim pen mual dawn-ah a om hangin, vaihawmna laizang (political center) dingin a hoih mahmahna mun ahi hi. Thangmual mualdawn-ah a om hangin, melma-gal te’ adin buluh hamsa a, galdo-na ah a bit mahmah mun ahi hi.

# # Sukte Ukna leh Kam Hau Khang (The Kamhau Era)

Tedim khuapi khang tangthu-ah a thupi mahmah vai khat in Sukte hausapa Kam Hau-in Tedim gam a luahna ahi hi. K*m 1840 kiim ciangin, Tedim khua-a a om lai mite in gal leh sa bitna (security) leh kilemna (peace) om theih nading in , Mualbem khua-a a om Sukte upa Kam Hau pen makai (leadership) dingin a sam uh hi.

# # Mualbem pan Tedim Khuapi Luahna

Kam Hau in Tedim vaihawmna a lak ciangin, Sukte innkuan-te’ thahatna leh Pawi mi (Zahau family) te tawh a kilemna uh a lian mahmah hi. Hih Kam Hau ukna (Kam Hau rule) pen Tedim tangthu sung-ah "Kamhau Era" kici phial -in, Tedim-ah hausapa (chieftain) thahatna a kilang mahmah hun ahi hi. Kam Hau pen gal-ah a hat mahmah hi-a, Burmese gamsung (Upper Burma) d**gah gal do (raids) ngei-hi , mi tampi sila(slaves) in la uh-a mitampi sila a nei hun ahi hi.
British officer-te’ record in a lakna ah, hih gamsungah sila-lei sila-zuak (slave trade) a tam mahmah hun a hihi. K*m 1896 report khat in a genna ah, hausapa-te in sila-te tung ah itna a neih loh hangin, British-te in k*m nga sung bek-in sila 700 bang Tedim gamsung pan-in a pusuak sak uh hi.

Hun(Year) Makaite min (Clan/Family)

1.c. 1600----------- Gui Mang II -------------Guite
Vai thupi(Key events)-First establishment

2.c. 1700s Pum Go Guite
Tedim Re-establishment of political base

3.c. 1840 -----------Kam Hau ------------------Sukte
Invited to lead for peace

4.c. 1896 -------------British Rule Colonial Govt

# # British Colonial Hun leh Administrative Infrastructure (Tedim)

British-te in Burma a lak uh ciangin, Zogam (Chin Hills) pen thahatna tawh a buluh uh ahi hi. K*m 1824 kiim-in British rule a kipat ciangin, Tedim pen District Officer-te’ tenna (local residence) dingin a bawl hi. British-te in Tedim mi-te pen "fierce people" (mi hangsan/mi thahat) in a mu uh a, a kipat-ah a ki-lang-pan mahmah hangin, a sawt ciangin British k*mpi Ulian te in Tedim mi-te pen gamsung vaihawmna-ah a zang (utilize) uh hi.
Chin Hills Regulation 1896 leh Tedim Base
British-te in k*m 1896 khit ciangin 'Chin Hills Regulation' a bawl uh a, hih in Zogam vaihawmna pen Burma pi tawh a tuam-in administrative districts thum-in a khen uh hi. Hih regulation hangin Tedim pen subdivisional administrative town in bawl a, a sungah hih munte a om hi :

1.Civil Hospital
2.High School
3.Police Station
4.District Officer Residence

K*m 1924 ciangin British-te in Northern Chin State sungah administrative base pi-in Tedim pen a teelsa uh ahi hi. Hih hun pan-in Tedim pen nondescript village (khua khat bek) pan-in administrative town (vaihawmna khuapi) in a hong kipan ahi hi.