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Iodine crystals, which are used legally for a variety of commercial and medical purposes, frequently are used illegally to produce high quality d-methamphetamine. The following ephedrine/pseudoephedrine reduction method utilizes iodine in the production process.

• Iodine/red phosphorus. The principal chemicals are ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, iodine, and red phosphorus. The required hydriodic acid in this variation of the hydriodic acid/red phosphorus method is produced by the reaction of iodine in water with red phosphorus. This method yields high quality d-methamphetamine. Another iodine/red phosphorus method, limited to small production batches, is called the cold cook method because the chemicals, instead of being heated, are placed in a hot environment such as in direct sunlight.

The federal government regulates the sale of iodine crystals, which are readily available for legitimate uses. However, it is illegal to import, export, purchase, or sell iodine crystals in the United States if they are used or intended to be used in the production of methamphetamine. Typically methamphetamine producers acquire iodine crystals through theft or diversion, from Mexican criminal groups that smuggle iodine into the United States across the U.S.-Mexico border, or by purchasing and crystallizing iodine tincture, the sale of which is not regulated in most U.S. states.



Iodine Used in Methamphetamine Production

Methamphetamine producers use iodine crystals to produce hydriodic acid, the preferred reagent in the ephedrine/pseudoephedrine reduction method of d-methamphetamine production. A reagent is a chemical used in reactions to convert a precursor into a finished product. The reagent does not become part of the finished product. The regulation of hydriodic acid by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in 1993 rendered the chemical virtually unavailable in the United States.

Hydriodic acid can be produced by combining iodine crystals with water and some form of phosphorus, including red phosphorus, hypophosphorous acid, or phosphorous acid. In the methamphetamine production process, iodine crystals may be used to prepare hydriodic acid in a separate step or may be introduced directly into the synthesis of the methamphetamine.

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The parts of a binocular microscope are the eye piece (ocular), mechanical stage, nose piece, objective lenses, condenser, lamp, microscope tube and prisms. Each part plays an important role in the microscope's function.

Eye piece (ocular): The dual binocular eye piece contains the microscope’s lenses and gives the user secondary magnification of the objective, or the object being viewed. The objective is generally a specimen contained on a slide.

Mechanical stage: The mechanical stage holds the object or specimen slide samples below the objective for viewing, and allows the specimen to move left, right, forward and backward for examination.

Nose piece and objective lenses: The nose piece contains several rotating objective lenses, usually three, which magnify the image of the object on the stage below.

Condenser and lamp: The base’s built-in lamp provides light for the viewing area. Light from the lamp passes through the lenses of the condenser, which focuses the light on the microscope’s viewing area.

Microscope tube and prisms: The microscope tube supports the dual eyepieces, and the prisms refract light – they split the light and direct it to the binocular eyepieces. The binocular microscope works by refraction, which is the change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound) as it passes from one medium to another....

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Unlike the medical or clinical thermometer which is used solely to measure human body temperature, a laboratory thermometer has different uses.

A laboratory thermometer is used to measure the boiling point and freezing point during science experiments. It is also used to measure the temperature of substances. It measures temperature ranging between -10 degree Celsius and 110 degree Celsius.

Let’s take a look at different types of laboratory thermometers:

Liquid-in-Glass

Most thermometers usually fall in the category of science laboratory glassware as it made of glass. The laboratory thermometer can be easily identified through its long stem with a silver bulb at its bottom. The silver colour is nothing but mercury which expands as the temperature goes up and contracts as temperature go down.

Some liquid-in-glass thermometers also contain red alcohol. So, they are also called alcohol or spirit thermometers. However, the liquid content in these thermometers evaporates quickly.

Infrared

This type of thermometer comprises a lens that focuses the infrared energy (IR) on to a detector. This detector in turn coverts IR into an electric signal that is further displayed in units of temperature. Its application is best suited for taking temperatures from a distance or measuring it from the surface.

Also Read: Tips on How to Choose Your Laboratory Equipment Wisely

Bimetallic Strip

The bimetallic strip thermometer is made of two metals bonded together. It is mainly used to control temperatures and hence, finds a wide application in industries. It is ideal for accurate calculation of high-temperature substances or objects. Basically, it converts temperature into mechanical displacement.

When the temperature rises, the strip bends towards the metal which has a low temperature coefficient. On the contrary, when the temperature goes down, the strip bends towards the metal which has a high temperature coefficient.

Thermistor

This thermometer is basically an electronic device. Its name is a blend of thermal and resistor. Its resistance is dependent on temperature. It mainly measures changes in electrical resistance and converts them to changes in temperature.

All these thermometers show display either in Fahrenheit (F) or Celsius (C). They can be used in various applications, depending on types of laboratory experiments.

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Have you gotten you digital table PH meter, electric device used to measure hydrogen-ion activity (acidity or alkalinity) in solution. Fundamentally, a pH meter consists of a voltmeter attached to a pH-responsive electrode and a reference (unvarying) electrode. The pH-responsive electrode is usually glass, and the reference is usually a mercury–mercurous chloride (calomel) electrode, although a silver–silver chloride electrode is sometimes used. When the two electrodes are immersed in a solution, they act as a battery. The glass electrode develops an electric potential (charge) that is directly related to the hydrogen-ion activity in the solution (59.2 millivolts per pH unit at 25 °C [77 °F]), and the voltmeter measures the potential difference between the glass and reference electrodes.

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Test kit for analysing water content in lubricating oil and fuel oil. Using unitor Water in Oil Test Kit provides state of the art, digital analysis and gives fast, accurate results for easy monitoring of trends. This product can be used by cooperate oil films and individual oil firm... It contains petrolatum synthetic baseoil. Brand : USA

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Seasonal greetings to you from Emma continental company Nigeria limited.....dealers of all kind of laboratory, hospital, school,scientific, research, project,industrial,oil, water, medical equipment, chemicals, reagents, models, glasswares, and charts at no 2 national supply road bewak junction trans amadi port Harcourt

Some of the material you can get in our port Harcourt office

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Boric acid

We Emma Continental company Nigeria limited wishes to use this media to let our esteemed customers to know that we have a running outlet here in Port Harcourt. This is a cross sectional view of our office in Port Harcourt