Urur siyaasadeedka Shacabka

Legal Memorandum: The Case for Somaliland’s Sovereignty Over Its Airspace
To: Relevant International Aviation and Legal Authorities
From: Mohamed Mohamoud Hashi
Subject: Legal Basis for Somaliland’s Authority to Control Its Own Airspace
Date: 23/10/2025

I. Executive Summary
This memorandum presents a legal argument supporting the claim that the Republic of Somaliland possesses the right to exercise sovereign control over the airspace above its territory. The claim is grounded in:
The 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, signed by the United Kingdom on behalf of the British Somaliland Protectorate;
The doctrine of state succession in international law;
Somaliland’s de facto control over its territory and airspace since 1991.
Comparative precedent, notably the case of Taiwan, which manages its own airspace despite limited international recognition.
II. Legal Framework
A. Chicago Convention (1944)
Article 1: Every State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory.
The UK, as the administering power of the British Somaliland Protectorate, was a founding signatory.
The Convention does not define “State” in a way that precludes de facto entities from exercising airspace control, especially when they meet the criteria of effective governance.
B. Treaty Succession and Decolonization
Under the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties (1978) (though not universally ratified, it reflects customary international law), newly independent states may inherit treaty obligations and rights from their predecessor colonial powers.
In 1960, the UK granted independence to British Somaliland, and formally notified international treaty parties of this transition.
Somaliland’s brief union with Somalia (1960–1991) was not constitutionally binding, and its withdrawal in 1991 restored its pre-union sovereignty, including treaty succession rights.
III. Somaliland’s De Facto Control and Legal Standing
Somaliland has maintained stable governance, defined borders, and independent institutions since 1991.
It has enacted its own Civil Aviation Law (Law No. 70/2017) and operates a functioning Civil Aviation and Airports Authority (SL-CAA).
It controls all airports and air navigation infrastructure within its territory.
Despite ICAO’s recognition of Somalia’s claim, Somaliland’s operational control is undisputed within its borders

Taiwan’s ability to manage its airspace despite limited recognition demonstrates that practical sovereignty and safety considerations can override formal recognition in aviation governance.
V. Legal Argument for Airspace Autonomy
1. Historical Treaty Succession: Somaliland inherited treaty rights from the UK, including those under the Chicago Convention.
2. Effective Control: Somaliland meets the Montevideo criteria for statehood and exercises full control over its territory and airspace.
3. Safety and Operational Necessity: Somaliland’s control ensures safer, more efficient air navigation than the Somalia-based system, which has faced operational and security challenges.
4. Precedent and Equity: Entities like Taiwan and Kosovo demonstrate that de facto states can manage airspace in the absence of full recognition.
VI. Recommendations
Engage ICAO to seek technical recognition of Somaliland’s airspace management authority.
Pursue bilateral agreements with regional and international aviation authorities to formalize airspace coordination.
Document and publicize the legal and historical basis for Somaliland’s treaty succession and airspace sovereignty.
Leverage safety and operational efficiency as a basis for international support.

VII. Conclusion
Somaliland’s claim to airspace sovereignty is supported by historical treaties, international legal principles of state succession, and its effective governance. In the interest of aviation safety, regional stability, and legal consistency, Somaliland’s authority over its airspace deserves recognition and support.

Faalo ku saabsan democracy siga dunida.

Kor-u-kaca xisbiyada iyo siyaasadaha xagjirka ah, dhaqdhaqaaqa dadweynaha (populism), bannaanbaxyada, waxqabadka dhaqaale ee liita ee qaar ka mid ah dimoqraadiyadaha, iyo khalkhalka siyaasadda dimoqraadiga ah ayaa si cad u muuqda, marka la barbar dhigo nidaamka iyo waxqabadka dhaqaale ee wanaagsan ee laga arko qaar ka mid ah dalalka aan dimoqraadiga ahayn.
Dhacdooyinkan caalamiga ah ee dhowaan dhacay ayaa bulshooyinka dimoqraadiga ah ka dhigay kuwo niyad-jabsan, iyada oo la isweydiinayo su'aalo ah: "Ma ku guul-darraysatay dimoqraadiyaddu inay bixiso waxyaabihii laga sugayay? Dimoqraadiyaddu ma ku jirtaa dhibaato? Dimoqraadiyaddu ma gaartay meeshii ay ka laaban lahayd (tipping point)

Cabsida ah in laga rajo-beelay xaaladda noocaas ah waa mid aan loo adkaysan karin.
Haa, siyaasadda dimoqraadiga ahi waa khalkhal badan tahay, dalabkeennu waa badan yahay waana buuq badan nahay, waxqabadkeenna dhaqaale si gaar ah uma fiicna.

Laakiin dimoqraadiyaddu wali waa nidaamka ugu wanaagsan ee lagu maamulo bulshooyin waaweyn meel kasta oo ay tahay. Sahanno caalami ah ayaa noo muujiyay in muwaadiniinta dimoqraadiyadu ay taageersan yihiin dimoqraadiyadooda.

Xitaa Taiwan, oo ah dimoqraadiyad dhalinyaro ah oo aan aragnay waxyaabo aad u xiiso badan:
Sahan ay sameeyeen asxaabtayda ka tirsan Xarunta Daraasaadka Doorashada ee Taiwan (Taiwan's Election Study Centre) ayaa muujinaya in muwaadiniinta Taiwan ay si weyn u taageersan yihiin dimoqraadiyadooda.

Sahan caalami ah oo ay sameysay Xarunta Cilmi-baarista ee Pew (Pew Research Centre) sanadkii 2017 ayaa sidoo kale muujinaya in inta badan muwaadiniinta dimoqraadiyada ay taageersan yihiin dimoqraadiyadda. Dalal ay ka mid yihiin Maraykanka, Kanada, Ingiriiska, Jarmalka, Australia, inta badan muwaadiniintooda, iyo sidoo kale muwaadiniin kale oo adduunka ah, ayaa si weyn u aqbalay oo u taageeray dimoqraadiyaddooda.

Runtii, taageeradan loo hayo dimoqraadiyadda waa mid la xaqiijin karo sababtoo ah di

I got 3 reactions on my recent top post! Thank you all for your continued support. I could not have done it without you. 🙏🤗🎉

Every citizen of Somaliland today has a duty to remain vigilant and actively contribute to the security and protection against threats that could undermine the sovereignty of Somaliland.

The government, in turn, is expected to engage closely with the people of Somaliland through a coordinated strategy that raises awareness about the current realities and the diplomatic efforts surrounding recognition. This includes responding effectively to the hostile campaigns and propaganda launched by governments opposed to Somaliland’s quest for recognition, ensuring they do not exploit our internal vulnerabilities and that the public remains informed and resilient.

The people of Somaliland now face a defining moment regarding the long-standing aspiration for full independence and nationhood—a struggle that has spanned 65 years and endured many hardships. It is therefore essential that we focus our vision on the realization of our national cause: the restoration of our country’s sovereignty. We must adopt a unified perspective, driven by solidarity and determination, to achieve meaningful progress in our pursuit. This collective commitment is vital to our shared national interest and the future of our country and its people.

Finally, I urge the people of Somaliland to set aside minor internal differences and work together toward our national cause—the sovereignty of the Republic of Somaliland—and to reflect on the future well-being of our nation and its citizens.

Siyaasasada Somaliland laga soo bilaabo doorashadii Madaxtooyada iyo Ururada ee 2024 kii Waxa Samayn wayn ku yeeshay Saaxada siyaasada niman la yidhaa Salaadiin oo shaadh Madax dhaqameed Xidhan haddana aad moodo inay leeyihiin Matalaad siyaasi ah oo qabaa'ilkana ku hogaaminaya hab-Caadifi ah oo ku salaysan la ficiltanka qabiilo kale oo ay siyaasad ahaan iskaga soo horjeedaan kula ficil tamayaan balse aan ku dhisnayn hami iyo mustaqbal ummadeed.

Dhamaan Ururada, u soo gudbay Xisbinimada manta jira waxay ku salaysanyihiin aragtidaa caadifiga ah ee ay hogaaminayeen Salaadiinta hab dhaqanka siyaasiga ah lehi.

Ma jiraan Xisbiyo aragti hogaamineed iyo meel ay ummaddan u rarayaan oo ka duwan kana wanaagsan marxaladan maanta ay ummadu ku jirto leh oo soo bandhigi karaa waana arimaha marka si mug leh loo fiiriyo war warka kugu abuuraya ahna arimo taabanaya masiirka mustaqbal shacabka reer Somaliland oo ay ahayd in ay Siyaasadu wax tarto una abuurto midnimo, horumar, sinaan iyo caddaalada laakiin waxa maanta muuqata inaanay jirin Xisbiyo aragtidaas leh markaad eegto habka ay ku soo baxeen saddexda Xisbi ee Maantu.

haddaba Su'aashu taagan ee u baahan in ay reer Somaliland ka jawaabaan waxa weeyi.
ma u baahanahay in siyaasada ama siyaasiguba ay noqdaan kuwo ummadda wax u taraya ama wax ku soo kordhin kara midnimo, horumarna u horseedi karo, ?

Siyaasada aynu dhaqaalaha ugu badan iyo dadaalka ugu badan ku bixino, muranka khatarta ah ee tartanka kursi i doonka iyo ficiltanka qabiilada inagu abuurta waqti walba, Maxaynu uga dan leenahay ma inay bulshada reer Somaliland wax tarto? mise inay wax yeesho dadka iyo dalkaba?

habka ay shacabka reer Somaliland u fikirayaan ama aragtida ay ku eegayaan masiirkooda Mustaqbalku haduu noqdo mid ku salaysan caadifad iyo tartan siyaasi oo qabaa'il ah ma naqonayaa mid shacabkeenu ku faaiidi karan qaranimadeenuna ku dhismi karto ?

Shirwaynaha Caddaalada ee la qabanayo waxa jira aragtiyo kala duwan oo ku saabsan habka Shirwayne Caddaaladeed oo heer Qaran ah habka loo qabanayo iyo Hayadaha yeelanaya masuuliyada qabsashada Shirka noocan oo kale ah.

Madaxweynaha Qaranka JSL ka sekow Shirwaynaha Caddaalada Qaranka ma jiro Xeer qeexaya Hayada doorka ugu wayn leh ee qabashada Shirwayne Caddaaladeed oo heer qaran ah hogaamintiisa yeelanaysa oo la isla yaqaan.

Wasaarada Caddaalada oo iyada masuuliyadeedu tahay diyaarinta siyaasada Caddaalada ee golaha Xukumada haddaba su’aashu waxay tahay Shirwaynahan ma siyaasadii Caddaalada ee Qatanka JSL ayaa lagu soo bandhigayaa oo waa doorkii Wasaarada Caddaalada, Mise waxa ku jira dib u habayn garsoor oo hoos imanaya waaxda garsoorka Somaliland.

Haddaba aragtiyahan kala duwan waxay u baahanyihiin in la is waafajiyo ka hor Shirwaynaha Caddaalada si maxsuulka Shirwaynaha Caddaalada ka soo baxayaa u noqdo mid ummada anfaca oo baahiyaha Caddaaladeed ee muwaadiniinta reer Somaliland daboola ?

Every citizen of Somaliland today has a duty to remain vigilant and actively contribute to the security and protection against threats that could undermine the sovereignty of Somaliland.

The government, in turn, is expected to engage closely with the people of Somaliland through a coordinated strategy that raises awareness about the current realities and the diplomatic efforts surrounding recognition. This includes responding effectively to the hostile campaigns and propaganda launched by governments opposed to Somaliland’s quest for recognition, ensuring they do not exploit our internal vulnerabilities and that the public remains informed and resilient.

The people of Somaliland now face a defining moment regarding the long-standing aspiration for full independence and nationhood—a struggle that has spanned 65 years and endured many hardships. It is therefore essential that we focus our vision on the realization of our national cause: the restoration of our country’s sovereignty. We must adopt a unified perspective, driven by solidarity and determination, to achieve meaningful progress in our pursuit. This collective commitment is vital to our shared national interest and the future of our country and its people.

Finally, I urge the people of Somaliland to set aside minor internal differences and work together toward our national cause—the sovereignty of the Republic of Somaliland—and to reflect on the future well-being of our nation and its citizens.

Dowladu waxa waajib ku in ay dajiso siyaasad lagaga hortagayo in dhaqaalaha dalku koox gaar ah ku urin, oo aanu dalku noqon dabaqado kala sareeya oo aanu dhaqaaluhu koox gaar ah oo go'aamisa sixirka suuqa, dhaqaalihii iyo adeegyadii bulshadana gacanta ku haysaa ay abuuranto waa qayra dastuuri dowladaaana ilaalinteeda iyo ka hortageeda uu dastuurka JSL ku waajibiyey .

Waxaa ceeb ah dowladu halkay waajibkaa dastuuriga ah fulin lahayd ee ay shacabkeeda u adeegi lahayd Qodobkan 11 xubintii 2 aad ay fulin lahayd ayey ka hortimid shacabkiii waana arin qayra dastuuri ah.
Waxaanay dowladu ka hortimid Qodobkan 11 dastuuri waxaanay ogolaatay in shakhsiyaadka koobani ay adeegyadii bulshadana gacanta ku hayaan kaligood sixirkiina isla iyagii gooyaan oo waliba ku galaan heshiis waana arin culus oo shacabka reer Somaliland xad-gudub ku ah.
Waxaan cod dheer ugu baaqaynaa Xukumada inay ilaaliso dastuuri dalka JSL oo ka hortagto dhibaatooyinka dhaqaale ee sababaya nabad galyo darada dalka.

Mudaharaadku waa Xaq sida cad article 32 dastuurka JSL shacabka reer Somaliland na Xaq bay u leeyihiin inay dareenkooda u muujiyaan hab salmi ah.
Dowladuna inay danaha Shacabka reer Somaliland ka hor timaado Maaha, waxaana ku waajib ah inay u difaacdo u doodo, matasho danta caamka ee shacabka Somaliland.
Wasaarada arimaha guduhuna ma diidi karto xaq dastuuri ah, balse waxay ka shaqayn kartaa oo kaliya in mudaharaadku noqdo mid salmi ah.

Shacabka reer Somaliland waxaan leenahay nabd galyadeena ilaaliya mudaharaadkiinuna waa inuu noqdo mid salmi ah oo aan cidkale dhibaatayn.

Muwaadiniintu in wixii dhib ku ah diidaan waa xaq ay leeyihiin oo aan cidina ka hor joogsan karin

Waxaanu tacsi tiiraanyo leh u diraynaa dhamaan eheladii labada Marxuum ee Xalay lagu dilay Xaafada kilarka Magaalada Hargeisa dilkan oo ahaa dil fool xun si caddaan ah loogu toogtay labadan Marxuum meel suuq ah oo dad badani joogan.

Waxaanu ka xunahay in aan ilaa hadda la aqoonsan qofkii gaystay dilkan foosha Xun.
Waxa kale oo aan ka xunahay inaan dowladu ilaa hadda aqoonsan gacan ku dhiiglihii gaystay dilkan.

Xogtiisana aan ilaa hadda lala wadaagin bulshada waa arin ceeb ku ah nidaamka dowladnimada iyo sugitaanka amniga shacabka reer Somaliland.

Waxaanu ilaahay uga baryeynaa marxuumiinta gacanta ka xaq darani dishay in ilaahay u danbi dhaafo janatul fardawsana ka waraabiyo bi idnilaahi kariim.

Waxaanu ugu baaqaynaa dowlada inay si deg deg ah sharciga u horkeento gacan ku dhiiglihii falkan arxan darada ah gaystay.