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Handley Page Halifax II ✈

Type of Jet Engine ✈

[𝐃𝐈𝐅𝐅𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐀𝐋 𝐂𝐀𝐑] - 𝐂𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐄𝐒, 𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐏𝐎𝐍𝐒𝐈𝐁𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒, 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄, 𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐅𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐏𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐂𝐈𝐏𝐋𝐄𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍

1. THE CAUSE

- Wheels only have the same speed if the vehicle is operated in a straight line, while turning at different speeds.

- The outer wheel will have a greater speed than the inner wheel, because the outer wheel must travel a longer distance than the inner wheel in the same amount of time.

- If there is no differential, when cornering on two wheels the two sides will be locked together, forced to rotate at the same speed. This will make the rotation of the vehicle very difficult, prone to the phenomenon of spinning slip

2. MAIN TASKS OF THE DIFFERENTIAL

- Change the speed of the wheels (left, right) when the vehicle enters the curve.

- Transfer the motor torque to the wheel.

- Acting as the final deceleration device before the torque reaches the wheels.

3. TYPE OF DIFFERENTIAL

- Engine in front: Drive the front wheels so the visai set before.

- Engine at the back: The car drives the rear wheel through the wheel, so the differential is located on the rear wheel

4. STRUCTURE

- Pinion gears - Pinion gears are attached to the cardan shaft to receive movement from the gearbox.
- Pots gear ring - passive gear (Ring gear / Crown wheel gear) match the active gear, this gear rotates smoothly on the axis of the wheel.

- Two planetary gears (Spider / Planet Gears): have fixed shaft with passive gears.

- Two semi-shaft gears - Sun gears (Side / Sun Gears): tried with two semi-axles of the vehicle.

- Differential cage housing is mounted on passive gear.

5. PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

1. When the vehicle is traveling in a straight line

- When the car runs straight, an equal drag on both the right and left wheels, so the ring gear, differential gear and semi-shaft gear rotate as a solid block to transfer power. Drive to both wheels.

2. When the vehicle is on a detour

- When the vehicle is on a detour, the rotation speed of the outer and inner wheels will be different.

- In other words, inside the differential gear, the inner shaft gear rotates slowly and the differential gear rotates so that the outer gear shaft rotates faster. As a result, the car goes around easily without slipping on the road.

6. CLASSIFICATION OF FALSE STRUCTURE

- Open Differential

- Locked Differential

- Limited Slip Differential - L*D
+ Viscous Limited-Slip Differential
+ Torsen & Helical L*D
+ Electronic L*D
+ Torque Vectoring Differential

6.1 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐍 𝐃𝐈𝐅𝐅𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐀𝐋

- Split motor torque into two outputs

- Allow two wheels to spin at different speeds

DISADVANTAGE

When a wheel loses traction, torque is limited. In the worst case, when one wheel slips, the other with better grip is not enough to move the car. The solution to this problem is slip differential (L*D). This anti-slip differential uses a variety of mechanisms to make the differential operate when cornering. When a wheel slips, they turn the useful torque to the side of the non-slip wheel to take full advantage of the engine torque.

APPLICATION

- This type of open differential is often installed on vehicles that do not focus on the ability of "off-road" (over terrain) such as family sedans, crossovers, minivans, fuel-efficient vehicles.

6.2 𝐋𝐎𝐂𝐊𝐄𝐃 𝐃𝐈𝐅𝐅𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐀𝐋

- The differential lock locks the two wheels together, causing them to rotate at the same speed to increase traction as needed. For example, when a wheel gets bogged down, the differential lock ensures that torque continues to be transmitted to the wheels with higher traction. If there is no differential lock, one wheel will rotate freely while the other wheel will not move at all. By means of differential lock, both wheels will rotate together and thus, the car can pass

- There are 2 types of differential lock:
+ Lock differential through pneumatic mechanism or electric control
+ Lock differential

ADVANTAGES

- Differential lock helps vehicles overcome obstacles easily, especially the ability to grip the road when encountering slippery roads.

- If there is no lock differential, the wheel will spin but the vehicle cannot move. Even when braking automatically, torque passes through the side wheel, the grip of the road is still not enough for the car to overcome obstacles. On the contrary, if supported by the differential lock, the car will run slowly on the rollers and free wheel about 100 rpm equivalent to 13km / h the car will easily overcome any obstacles in the path of the vehicle. car.

DISADVANTAGE

- Differential lock does not work as smoothly as a differential, so it often results in rapid wear on the tire. Some differential locks also make a sound when locking and opening, especially when driving into a curve.

- This type of differential operation works similarly to an open differential when not locked. When traveling on high-grip terrain such as dry pavement, locking differential will make the car difficult to navigate as well as hinder the vehicle's transmission.

APPLICATION

Jeep Wrangler, Mercedes-Benz G-class, Ram 2500 Power Wagon. In addition, the locking differential can be installed on most large trucks.

6.3 𝐋𝐈𝐌𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐒𝐋𝐈𝐏 𝐃𝐈𝐅𝐅𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐀𝐋 - 𝐋𝐒𝐃

- L*D is a differential-limiting mechanism when one of the wheels starts to skid when the vehicle is operating on low-grip roads to create a proper driving force on the other wheel. Run smoothly.

- Structure of anti-slip differential: same as simple differential but with additional clutch.

- The anti-slip differential operates in the same way as the open differential. The anti-slip differential will automatically lock, in case a wheel loses traction. The differential is locked by means of a fluid fluid, gearbox or complex gear set.

DISADVANTAGE

The anti-slip differential automatically locks only when one wheel loses traction.

APPLICATION

Nissan 370Z with Sport upgrade package, Mazda MX-5 Miata (with clutch gearbox), Scion FR-S / Subaru BRZ (with worm gear transmission).

6.4 𝐕𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐎𝐔𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐌𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐃-𝐒𝐋𝐈𝐏 𝐃𝐈𝐅𝐅𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐀𝐋

- Hydraulic coupling is a type of (clutch) hydraulic transmission of torque by viscous resistance of oil. Each clutch is connected to a shaft end. It uses viscous resistance to limit differential slip. Hydraulic couplings are used to connect the rear wheels to the front wheels so that when one pair of wheels slips, torque is transferred to the other, making the wheels less slippery.

- The hydraulic coupling-slip differential is used as a mechanism to limit the differential in the center differential of 4WD vehicles (4-wheel drive part-time) and some anti-slip differentials have Hydraulic couplings are used in the differentials of vehicles of type FF (front-wheel drive - front-wheel drive) and FR (front-wheel drive - rear-wheel drive).

ADVANTAGES

- Allow two wheels to rotate at different speeds, thus reducing tire wear compared to locking differentials

- Allow torque to be transmitted to the wheel with more traction.

- Smooth operation.

DEFECT

- When the internal fluid heats up (in case it is used too often), the effectiveness of the differential is reduced.

- The effect of hydraulic coupling when the vehicle enters a corner is not, therefore, No torque is converted before the skid phenomenon begins.

APPLICATION

- Found in sports cars like Nissan 370Z and Mazda MX-5 Miata

6.5 𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐒𝐄𝐍 & 𝐇𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐋𝐒𝐃

- The Torsen differential is a self-locking system between the screw and the screw gear that fits in the screw transmission. The degree of self-locking depends on the angle of cutting teeth of the screw and the gear wheel. Self-locking does not occur when the screw drives the screw.

- Structure: Torsen differential consists of two screw transmitters (screw and screw). Cylindrical gears connect two sets of screw transmissions by means of couplings. Each screw is tightly connected not rotating with a semi-shaft.

- Torsen limited slip-on differential operation principle: The torque drives from the active gear through the passive gear and transmits to the screws of the two semi-shafts thanks to the differential housing and the gear wheels.

ADVANTAGES

- The road surface grip is equally good: when running in a straight line, the active wheels rotate at the same speed, the screws do not rotate together with the adjacent cylindrical gears, and act as a driving wedge. The torque is evenly distributed to the two semi-axes.

- Torsen differential is pure mechanical differential, has high sensitivity and high reliability.

- Torsen differentials are better than hydraulic couplings, as they transfer torque as soon as slippage can occur.

- Different road grip, roundabout: The balance of speed of rotation is made through rotating cylinder gears and screws, then self-locking occurs.

DEFECT

- When a wheel loses traction, the Torsen differential operates very similar to the open differential and very little torque is sent to the drive shaft. For street vehicles, this is perfectly acceptable, but it can be a problem for racing cars.

APPLICATION

- It is mounted on high performance vehicles such as RS or R8 and Audi Rally racing cars.

6.6. 𝐄𝐋𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐋𝐒𝐃

- Electronic anti-slip differential for better control between open state and differential lock. Instead of transmitting torque to the outside wheel when cornering, the electronic anti-slip differential does the opposite, limiting torque to the inner wheel by applying braking force to it.

- This differential is adjustable hundreds of times per second. For example, when the car is folded, the system automatically adjusts the lock to ensure balance and stability for the vehicle.

DEFECT

- Like conventional anti-slip differentials, torque is often transmitted to slower moving wheels.

APPLICATION

- BMW M3, BMW M4, Cadillac ATS-V, Cadillac CTS-V, Chevrolet Corvette with Z51 and Ferrari 488GTB upgrade packages.

6.7 𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐐𝐔𝐄 𝐕𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐃𝐈𝐅𝐅𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐀𝐋

- Thanks to the use of an additional gear set to generate force from two axes, the torque control differential can adjust the appropriate force and propagate to each wheel. Therefore, this differential can reduce or increase the vehicle's revs while the vehicle is turning.

- Vehicles equipped with Torque Vectoring rear axle will provide a perfect driving experience even in the most demanding driving conditions. It helps increase safety features without reducing driving dynamics.

- When running in a straight line, the Torque Vectoring rear axle acts as a normal transmission with an open differential: the torque is distributed evenly between the drive axles of the wheels. Torque is only distributed separately to both drive axes in the case of cornering. It is controlled by an electromechanical multi-disc brake on the drive shaft.

DEFECT

- The torque control differential is quite heavy, complex and expensive.

- Consume quite a lot of fuel.

APPLICATION

- Audi S4, Audi S5, Audi S6, B

Piston part ⚙️

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𝐎𝐇𝐕 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞 - 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞
- The camshaft is placed parallel to the crankshaft in the body of the machine

1. Structure:

- Each cylinder is driven by a cam, a 𝙩𝙖𝙥𝙥𝙚𝙩, a 𝙥𝙪𝙨𝙝 𝙧𝙤𝙙 and a 𝙧𝙤𝙘𝙠𝙚𝙧 𝙖𝙧𝙢 separately.

- There are also some other parts such as: camshaft, valve, valve spring, valve spring, spring base, brake foundation, guide pipe, valve holder, screw adjusting slot Open nut for adjusting valve clearance, seal ...

2. Advantages:

- Increase volume and limit machine speed. Bringing the camshaft to the top of the cylinder, the combustion chamber is very compact, facilitating the arrangement of more coins, increasing the compression ratio of the engine and reducing the detonation in the gasoline engine.

- Increasing the cross-section, convenient air flow makes little loss, facilitates flushing and filling. Engine power increased.

- Due to the above advantages, the suspension gas distribution structure is commonly used for both gasoline and diesel engines.

3. Disadvantages:

- The structure of the engine body is complicated, and it is arranged in the body and the lid of the engine, so it increases the height of the engine.

- The inertial force of the parts acting on the cam and larger cam surface, causing loud noise.

- The engine cover is more complicated so it is difficult to fabricate.