IPAI Kumeyaay

30/05/2024

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07/05/2024

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29/11/2023

When it comes to the settlers, most of them have been squatting on California lands since 1867 and 1868. Mr. Hon. B. C. Whiting, superintendent of Indian affairs, suggested that San Pasqual should be reserved.... Some set up in the valley to trade and sell alcohol to the Native Americans, while others hoped to be paid off by the Government.... Very few had intentions of establishing permanent homes."... General McIntosh, the superintendent of Indian affairs, listed the following individuals as squatters in San Pasqual on August 25, 1869: Peter Abel, John Moore, Juan Ossuna, Juan Diego Ossuna, Daniel Kinnester, Estaven Soto, Jose Juan, Jesus Morania, Moses Manasses, Jose Morania, Domecio Espinosa, Juan Minto, Lebrado Silva, and "Roswell Trask" Of the above John Moore, Juan Ossuna, Jesus Morania, Jose Mora- , and Roswell Trask left prior to the promulgation of the President's order, declaring San Pasqual a reservation

26/11/2023

Junipero Serra, a determined Franciscan frair leader, and Gaspar de Portola, in charge of the military, went to San Diego in 1769 to start the first of 21 missions along the coast. Despite how people sometimes idealize the California missions, they were 'basically religious camps where the natives were forced to work... The main goal was to benefit the Spanish colonizers... At first, Spanish soldiers scared the local Indians while the Franciscans preached about their Jesus on a cross. They also brought animals that ate the natives' food and made it hard for the tribes to stay healthy and independent. The missionaries used tactics like bribes and threats, and gave the natives European diseases that natives had no immunity against and made them desperate for help. This made Indian families turn to the newcomers for aid... The crown allowed the missions to try to "convert" the Indians within ten years. After that, they were supposed to give control of the missions' animals, fields, orchards, and buildings to the Indians.' But the priests never let go of this control, and the lands and wealth were taken from the Indians..

26/11/2023

Epidemic diseases were the biggest challenge for colonists trying to conquer native resistance. When Spanish settlers arrived, illnesses like smallpox, syphilis, and measles spread among nearby tribes who had no immunity to European diseases. These sicknesses caused immense suffering and death, especially among Native Americans near Spanish settlements. Even before epidemics, the overall population dropped due to unsanitary conditions in colonial areas. Terrible diseases hit mission Indian communities hard. Epidemics in 1777, 1802, and 1806, including measles and bacterial infections, killed thousands, especially children. The practice of separating children from their families and keeping them in unhealthy living conditions likely worsened the impact. The missionaries' demanding work and poor nutrition also weakened the Indians' ability to fight these infections. Additionally, the tribes struggled to understand and cope with the overwhelming tragedy brought by these diseases, which shattered their faith in traditional healing methods. Reports from missionaries and officials consistently highlighted the high death rates and poor health among the Indian laborers. A prominent researcher suggested that up to 60% of the decline in the mission Indian population was because of these introduced diseases.

18/10/2023

n 1823 the Spanish Flag was replaced by that of the Mexican Republic. Little immediate change in personal or Indian policy occurred. However, the independence government was decidedly anti-clerical and the growing body of colonial leaders deeply resented the monopoly of Indian lands and the unpaid Indian labor enjoyed by the Franciscans. While no land grants to the colonists had occurred under Spanish rule, some 25 grazing permits or concessions had been issued to colonial citizens. This was the beginning of the dispossession of tribal lands by colonial authorities. The vast plantation like missions claimed about 1/6 of the present territory of the state. But legal title to these lands were assigned to the Spanish crown. The missions were only supposed to last 10 years, after which the developed estates were to be distributed to surviving mission Indians. It was assumed that the Indians would evolve into hardworking, tax paying citizens of Mexico. But the missionaries kept coming up with excuses why they should not surrender the rich pastoral and agrarian empire they had erected with the lands, resources and hard labor of mission Indians. The Mexican Republic’s 1824 constitution declared Indians to be citizens with rights to both vote and hold public office. Despite this liberal declaration, Indians throughout the republic continued to be treated as slaves.

18/10/2023

OLLAPSE OF THE MISSION SYSTEM

In actual practice, the new government gave 51 land grants to its colonial citizens between 1824 and 1834. These lands actually belonged to various tribes then incarcerated in nearby missions. These actions just increased the lust for more Indian lands by a growing body of colonial ranchers. There followed a growing chorus of demands that the missionaries surrender their monopoly on Indian labor and “free” the Indians. The sincerity those sentiments should be seriously doubted. The power of this class prevailed and between 1834-36 the government revoked the power of the Franciscans to extract labor from the Indians and inaugurated a plan to distribute mission lands. Venal public officials in charge of the distribution granted the most valuable lands to themselves and their relatives. The secularization processes, it was called, was so restrictive that few ex-mission Indians were eligible for the distributed lands. More significant still, the majority of surviving mission Indians were not native to the areas of coastal missions. Most neophytes at this time had been forced to relocate from their tribal domains and promptly returned to them following their liberation.