Bina Juta Engineering Services Sdn Bhd

Untuk moisture content (PPM) dalam transformer oil, IEC tidak menetapkan satu nilai tetap, tetapi amalan penyelenggaraan industri biasanya menggunakan panduan berikut:

Cable Fault Finding

Vacuum Integrity Test Result

Vacuum bottle integrity test was conducted on the VCB using a high-voltage DC test set. The vacuum interrupters successfully withstood the applied test voltage without breakdown, flashover, or abnormal leakage current. The vacuum condition is satisfactory and the VCB is considered fit for service.

Cable Fault Finding

Cable Fault Finding adalah proses untuk mengesan lokasi kerosakan dalam kabel bawah tanah (underground cable) atau kabel tenaga. Ia penting untuk pembaikan cepat dan tepat, terutama pada kabel 11kV, 33kV, atau LV.

Jenis-jenis Cable Fault:
1. Open Circuit– konduktor terputus.
2. Short Circuit – konduktor bersentuhan langsung atau dengan bumi.
3. High Resistance Fault – berlaku arka, biasa selepas kerosakan mekanikal.
4. Intermittent Fault – berlaku sesekali, sukar dikesan.

Kaedah Fault Finding:
1. Insulation Resistance Test (IR Test):
Guna Megger 5kV untuk semak rintangan ke bumi.
IR rendah = ada fault.

2. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR):
- Untuk kabel LV atau control.
- Kirimkan nadi dan ukur pantulan

3. Surge Generator (Thumper) + Acoustic Locator:
- Untuk kabel MV/HV.
- Hantar voltan tinggi (hingga 32kV).
- Bunyi letupan kecil di lokasi fault dikesan guna mikrofon tanah.

4. Burning Unit:
- Tukar fault jenis high-resistance jadi low-resistance supaya lebih mudah dikesan.

5. Sheath Fault Locator (untuk kabel dengan metallic sheath):
- Untuk cari kebocoran atau kerosakan sarung luar.

Langkah Umum Kerja:
1. Ujian IR semua fasa ke bumi.
2. Tentukan jenis fault.
3. Gunakan alat sesuai (TDR, Thumper).
4. Lokasi fault ditandakan di tapak.
5. Gali dan baiki.

The transformer oil BDV test was conducted in accordance with IEC 60156.

The average breakdown voltage obtained was 37 kV, indicating that the insulating oil condition is below the recommended satisfactory level.

Oil treatment or filtration is recommended to improve dielectric strength and moisture content before continuous operation.

●●● Most Important IEC Standards for Electrical Engineers >>>>>>

1.IEC 60364 - Low-voltage electrical installations
Covers design, selection, er****on, and verification of electrical wiring systems. (Basis of wiring rules worldwide).

2.IEC 60038 - Standard voltages
Defines the preferred voltages for AC and DC systems (LV, MV, HV).

3.IEC 60909 - Short-circuit currents
→ Methods for calculating short-circuit currents in three-phase AC systems.

4.IEC 60076 - Power transformers
Covers ratings, design, testing, and cooling methods of transformers.

5.IEC 62271-High-voltage switchgear and control gear.
Standards for circuit breakers, disconnectors, and other HV equipment.

6.IEC 60947-Low-voltage switchgear and control gear.
Standards for MCCBS, ACBS, contactors, relays, etc.

7.IEC 60529-|P (Ingress Protection) Codes
Classification of protection against dust and water for enclosures.

8.IEC 60479 - Effects of electric current on humans and livestock
→ Defines safe touch/step voltage limits and shock hazards.

9.IEC 61000 - Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
→ Standards for immunity and emission of electrical/ electronic devices.

10.IEC 61508 - Functional safety of electrical/electronic systems.

Why earthing is important?

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