Philippine Literature - GRADE 7

Hiligaynon Literature

LEONCIO P. DERIADA

Hiligaynon is the lingua franca of the West Visayas in Central Philippines. Politically labeled Region 6, West Visayas is composed of the provinces of Iloilo, Capiz, Antique and Aklan on the island of Panay; Negros Occidental, the western half of the island of Negros; and the new island-province of Guimaras which used to be a sub-province of Iloilo.

The mother language of West Visayas is Kinaray-aor Hiraya, the language spoken by the central and southern towns of Iloilo, all of the province of Antique and most of Capiz. Hiligaynon is spoken in Iloilo City in all the coastal towns north of Iloilo City, in all of Guimaras, in most of Roxas City in Capiz, and in Bacolod City and most of the towns of Negros Occidental. The language is also spoken in South Cotabato, in Mindanao, where many West Visayans have migrated. The northern towns of Negros Occidental speak Cebuano or Sugbuanon, the lingua franca of Central Visayas. The province of Aklan speaks Aklanon which, like Hiligaynon, developed from Kinaray-a.

Though distinctly different from Hiligaynon, Kinaray-a and Aklanon are conveniently considered by many linguists and literary researchers as subsumed in the lingua franca. Current writers in Kinaray-a and Aklanonhave shown that it is not so.

Purely oral, West Visayan literature before the coming of the Spaniards was in Kinaray-a which must have been the language in folk literature of the ten Bornean datus who, according to the folk account of the Maragtas,got the island of Panay from the aboriginal Ati in exchange for a headgear of gold and a necklace that touched the ground.

Folk literature ranges from brief riddles, proverbs, ditties, ritual chants to elaborate love songs, tales and extensive epics. A poem is called binalaybay and the tale is the asoy or the sugilanon.

The paktakon is a riddle while the hurubaton is a proverb. Both are usually in two lines and rhymed.

Folksongs may be as simple as the ili-ili or lullaby or as intricate as the ambahan, a long song alternately sung by a soloist and a chorus; the siday which can be a long poetic joust between two paid poets respectively representing the two families in a marriage suit (siday sa pamalaye); or a balitaw, a jocose love song sung in a debating manner by a man and a woman.

The asoy may be a legend or a tale about a folk hero or a local happening. Foremost among the Panay epics are the Labaw Donggon and the Hinilawod.

Ritual chants are delivered by the babaylan or healer to please the diwata or supernatural beings or spirits in exchange for good health and luck in the home and the fields during planting and harvest seasons.

The coming of the Spaniards and the conversion of the people to Christianity produced new forms of folk literature. Written literature also started, first with translations of Spanish texts of prayers and lives of the saints.

Tracing their origins to the Spanish times are the luwa, the witty quatrain recited by the loser of the bordon,the most popular game during the belasyon or vigil for the dead; and the composo, the ballad that sings the life of a folk hero or a significant incident in the community.

Religious literature flourished during the Spanish times. The Flores de Mayo is a devotional song-prayer held throughout the month of May characterized by singing hymns to the Virgin Mary and offering flowers.

The Pasyon, which recounts the suffering of Christ, is chanted during the Holy Week.

The gozos of the novena, the nine-day devotional prayer to a saint, stresses Christian virtue or recounts incidents in the life of Christ and the Virgin Mary.

Always part of the feast in honor of the patron saint is the coronation of the fiesta queen. The local poet then delivers the pagdayaw, an extensive ode praising the queen’s beauty and virtue.

Purely secular is the corrido, actually a medieval romance brought by the Spaniards. Most popular corridoin West Visayas is Rodrigo de Villas.

Two theater forms developed during the Spanish times. The moro-moro is full of action but is no more than a morality play celebrating the victory of the Christians against the Moros. The zarzuela is a musical but later made a vehicle for subversive activities.

The establishment of Imprenta La Panayana in Iloilo City late in the nineteenth century by a Bicolano, Mariano Perfecto, engineered written Hiligaynonliterature. With his Pasyon, novenas and corridos, Perfecto published Almanake Panayanhon (Panayan Almanac), the all-time Hiligaynon best-seller. Almanake, which published literary works by most of the early Hiligaynon writers, is still being published today by the Perfecto heirs.The coming of the Americans saw the so-called Golden Age of Hiligaynon literature even if the orientation was still heavily Spanish– didactic and Roman Catholic though strongly nationalistic.

The relatively short period from the 1920’s to the coming of the Japanese is considered the Golden Age. This produced Angel Magahum (first novelist for Benjamin), poet Delfin Gumban, poet Serapion Torre, poet-translator (from Spanish) Flavio Zaragoza Cano, essayist-journalist Rosendo Mejica, zarzuela masters Jose Ma. Ingalla and Jose Ma. Nava, playwright Miguela Montelibano, novelist-poet Magdalena Jalandoni, essayist Augurio Abeto and Abe Gonzales, and the young novelist Ramon L. Musones and poet Santiago Alv. Mulato. The triumvirate of Gumban, Torre and Zaragoza Cano ruled it out for years in poetry, their rivalry magnified by the public balagtasan or poetic joust. The establishment of Hiligaynon magazine by Liwayway Publications in Manila and of the Makinaugalingon Press by Rosendo Mejica in Iloilo City further strengthened Hiligaynon literature.

Jalandoni, Muzones, Gonzales and Mulato wrote their way through the Japanese Occupation and on to the fifties and the sixties which saw two new novelists, Jose E. Yap and Conrado Norada. The establishment ofYuhum magazine in Iloilo City by La Defensa Press and of the short-lived Kasanag by Diolosa Publications, kept literature not only alive but strong. Big names were Ramon L. Muzones, Santiago Alv. Mulato, Conrado Norada, Abe Gonzales and the forever versatile Magdalena Jalandoni. Jose E. Yap had started his series of science-fiction novels. New names came like Hernando Siscar , Antonio Joquiño and Isabelo Sobrevega.

The influence of English literature, especially in the short story, became pronounced in the 1960’s whenHiligaynon writers became more aware of formalist guidelines like characterization, local color and irony. The short story became popular while the novel with Muzones, Yap and Norada at the helm kept its position. Emerging from the sixties are important names of the present: Nilo P. Pamonag, Lucila V. Hosillos, Mario L. Villaret, Romeo Garganera, Ner E. Jedeliz, Jr., Quin Baterna and Jose Ali Bedaño who wrote under the name of Julius Flores. Two prominent women novelists are Ismaelita Floro-Luza of Roxas City and Ma. Luisa Defante-Gibraltar of Bacolod.

Yuhum stopped publication in the sixties and resumed during Martial law. Hiligaynon closed during Martial law and resurrected in 1989.

The Cory Revolution of 1986 is an important milestones in the history of Hiligaynon literature. Because of the new management of the Cultural Center of the Philippines and the creation of the Presidential Commission for Culture and the Arts which later became the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, new writing and new writers have been born. The CCP and the NCCA have become truly the people’s patrons of the arts by paving the way for the creation of regional and local art councils, providing writing grants to writers of marginalized languages, supporting workshops and publications and conferring awards. Competitions likewise have had their share in the ferment of new writing. Most significant is the inclusion of the Hiligaynon short story, alongside that of Cebuano and Iluko, in the Palanca Awards since 1997.

The Cory Revolution has also ushered in these historical landmarks in the literature of West Visayas:

The emergence of Kinaray-a writing;The emergence of Aklanon writing;The emergence of writing in Filipino which is Visayan-based;The ferment of campus writing in these languages;The emergence of multilingual writing in the region.

Important young writers in West Visayas today include: Hiligaynon– Alicia Tan-Gonzales, Peter Solis Nery, Edgar Siscar, Resurreccion Hidalgo, Alfredo Siva, Alain Russ Dimzon; Kinaray-a — Ma. Milagros C. Geremia Lanchica, Alex C. de los Santos, John Iremil E. Teodoro, Jose Edison C. Tondares, Maragtas S. V. Amante, Ma. Felicia Flores; Aklanon –– Melchor F. Cichon, Alexander C. de Juan, John E. Barrios.

All these writers are either bilingual or multilingual. It should also be understood that West Visayas has produced a big number of writers in English and a few very good writers in Spanish, but they are not included here.

Reference/s:
Encyclopedia of Philippine Art, Cultural Center of the Philippines, 1994Hosillos, Lucila V. Hiligaynon Literature: Texts and Contexts, The Ilonggo Language and Literature Foundation, Inc., Iloilo City, 1992Mulato, Santiago Alv. Ilonggo Men of Letter, Iloilo City (unpublished)About the Author:Leoncio P. Deriada is a fictionist, playwright and poet who has won awards from Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards, Cultural Center of the Philippines, Asiaweek, among others. He is the author of four books: “The Road to Mawab and Other Stories” (1984), “The Dog Eaters and Other Plays” (1986), “Night Mares” (1988) and “The Week of the Whales”(1993). He heads the Sentro ng Wikang Filipino of the University of the Philippines, Visayas

Hiligaynon Literature - National Commission for Culture and the Arts Back to Article List LEONCIO P. DERIADA Hiligaynon is the lingua franca of the West Visayas in Central Philippines. Politically labeled Region 6, West Visayas is composed of the provinces of Iloilo, Capiz, Antique and Aklan on the island of Panay; Negros Occidental, the western half of the island of...

Context Clues are hints that the author gives to help define a difficult or unusual word. The clue may appear within the same sentence as the word to which it refers, or it may follow in a preceding sentence. Because most of your vocabulary is gained through reading, it is important that you be able to recognize and take advantage of context clues.

TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES

1. Definition The author provides a direct
(explicit) definition of an
unknown word in the
sentence.

-Description Clues-
Is, are
Is /are called
Is / are known as
Is defined as
Means, Refers to

*Examples*
‐ Martha is a curator, a person who is
responsible for looking after a museum’s
collection.
‐Entomology is the study of insects.
‐ Archeology is the scientific study of prehistoric cultures by excavation of their remains.

2. Synonym or
Restatement
The author uses a word having
the same or nearly the same
meaning as another word or
other words in a sentence.

-Description Clues-
Commas , Semicolon ;
Dashes -
Parenthesis ( )
Sometimes signal words
or, that is, or in other
words are used.

*Examples*
­ Carnivores, that is, meat eaters, are the top of
the food chain.
‐ My best friend squandered all his money; his
drinking and gambling wasted all his earnings.
‐After seeing the picture of the starving children,
we all felt compassion or pity for their suffering.
‐ After a time, glaciers, or slowly moving rivers
of ice, formed over many parts of the Earth.

3. Antonym or
Contrast
The author uses another word
or phrase that means the
opposite of an unfamiliar
word

-Description Clues-
Words used are:
But, however,
although, otherwise,
unless, instead of, on
the contrary, on the
other hand, while,
unlike.

*Examples*
‐Mike’s parrot was loquacious,
but Maria’s said very little.
‐The gentleman was portly, but his wife was thin.
‐While Luis is hardworking, his indolent brother
spends most of the time watching TV or sitting
around with friends.

4. Comparison In comparison clues, the author uses words and
phrases that have the same or
similar meaning as an
unfamiliar word.

-Description Clues-
Words used are:
like, as, similar to, in
the same way,
likewise, resembling,
too, also

*Examples*
‐My brother is enthralled by birds similar to the
way that I am fascinated by insects.
‐ The stench of the old shoes was like the smell of
garbage.

5. Example/
Explanation
The author provides examples
or additional explanations or
summaries to help you
understand an unfamiliar
word. The word is cleared up
by giving an example.
For example
For instance
Including
Such as
Specifically
To illustrate
‐The archeologist found different amulets, such
as a rabbit’s foot and bags of herb.
‐Paula was suspended from school because of
several infractions of the rules, including
smoking in the bathroom and
dressing improperly.
­ Celestial bodies, such as the sun, moon, and
stars, are governed by predictable laws.

6. Cause and
Effect
The meaning of an unknown
word depends on the
cause/effect relationship with
other words in the text.
As a result
Accordingly
Because, Since
Consequently
For this reason
Hence, if … then
‐Since no one came to the first meeting,
attendance for the second one is mandatory for
all staff.
‐ Because the conflagration was aided by wind, it
was so destructive that every building in the area
was completely burned to the ground.

7. List or
Series
The unfamiliar word is
included in a series of related
words that give an idea of the
word’s meaning.
Look for a list of
words
‐North American predators include grizzly bears,
pumas, wolves, and foxes.
‐The debris in the stadium stands included
numerous paper cups, ticket stubs, sandwich
wrappings, and cigarette butts.

8. Inference
or General
Context
The meaning of an unfamiliar
word can be inferred
(guessed) from the
description of a situation.
The author provides non‐
specific clues, often spread
over the sentence or number
of sentences.
Look for clues over
several words or
sentences
‐The monkey’s vociferous chatter made me wish
I had earplugs.
‐ Katie’s belligerence surprised everyone. She
threw her book across the room, glared at Chris,
and then pushed him to the floor.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.wasatch.edu/cms/lib/UT01000315/Centricity/Domain/395/Context%2520Clues%2520-%2520Types%2520Chart.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiopfafg-HqAhXpy4sBHZrfAbEQFjAUegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw1C80wSZYS8jKo-oQa7IwDZ

Analogies
A word analogy draws a relationship between two words by comparing them to two other words.

When you write, it is important to understand how words are related. A word analogy shows how word pairs are related. Once you determine how the two words are related, you find the same relationship among the pairs in the answer choices.

There are different kinds of analogies:
Synonyms Car : automobile : : world : earth
Antonyms Happy : sad : : beautiful : ugly
Part/whole relationship House : room : : book : chapter
Category Animal : horse : : plant : tomato

In a story, an author describes crowded buildings and a packed harbor. Crowded and packed are related in the same way that wrecked and ruined are related: they are synonyms, or words that have the same or similar meanings. So we can put these two word pairs together in a synonym analogy.

crowded : packed : : wrecked : ruined (you read this as, “crowded is to packed as wrecked is to ruined” – in other words, crowded is similar to packed in the same way that wrecked is similar to ruined)

Smile and frown are related in the same way that mountain and valley are related: they are antonyms, or opposites. So we can put these two word pairs together to form an antonym analogy.

smile : frown : : mountain : valley

In a part/whole analogy, the first word in each pair names a part of what the second word names. An article is a part of a newspaper. A chapter is a part of a book.

article : newspaper : : chapter : book

Category analogies show a relationship between a category and something that resides within that category. An insect is the category under which a bumblebee falls. The nervous system is the category that contains the brain.

insect : bumblebee : : nervous system : brain

A ray of motivation and thoughts for y'all!💕😊

Filipino Proverbs

Filipino proverbs or Philippine proverbs are traditional sayings or maxims used by Filipinos based on local culture, wisdom, and philosophies from Filipino life. The word proverb corresponds to the Tagalog words salawikain, kasabihan and sawikain, and to the Ilocano word sarsarita.-Wikipedia

Proverb is said to be one of the classics of Philippine Oral Traditions and even existed before the Spaniards colonized our country. It prescribes norms, impart a lesson, or emphasize traditions and beliefs in a community. Damiana L. Eugenio, a distinguished scholar of Philippine Folklore compiled and edited comprehensive collection of proverbs in the country. She classified proverbs into six categories.

1) Proverbs expressing a general attitude towards life and laws that govern life.
2)Ethical proverbs recommending certain virtues and condemning vertain vices
3)Proverbs expressing a system of values
4)proverbs expressing general truths and observations about life and human nature
5)humurous proverbs
6) miscellaeous proverbs
Source : Grade 7 Learning Package
Examples taken from:
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/dvampyrlestat1/filipino-proverbs

Video for SV Agreement!

Subject-verb agreement | Syntax | Khan Academy Agreement is the art of making sure that sentence parts agree with one another; you want to make sure that your subjects and verbs match up. Practice this yo...

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT!

Without Seeing the Dawn - Stevan Javellana (Novel)

SUMMARY
Without Seeing the Dawn was set in a small farming village called Manhayang in Santa Barbara, Iloilo. The residents of the barangay were living their simple life when the violence of war reached their place and brought death and suffering. Ricardo Suerte, the young son of Juan Suerte wanted to marry Lucia (nicknamed "Lucing"), the daughter of the teniente del barrio. Although Ricardo's father wished to send him to school, the blessing to marry was given and the traditional asking the hand custom known as the pamamanhikan was done. Ricardo built a house for him and his wife on the land that was entrusted to Ricardo's father by Don Diego (a landlord) despite the advice of the elderly that building one's house in May will bring misfortune. Soon after, misfortune struck: their first child was stillborn, Lucia had an affair with Luis, the son of Don Diego, and the land the Suerte's had been tilling was given to another tenant. The couple went to Iloilo City where Ricardo met fellow stevedore and union member Nestong and Rosing, a pr******te. Lucia left Ricardo because of Rosing. Ricardo followed Lucia who was then in Badlan after receiving news that Lucia was pregnant and that the representante (representative) entrusted them with a land to till. They named their son Crisostomo. Misfortune came again because their landlord sold the land they were tilling, and a flood destroyed their harvest and killed their carabao. They went to Mindanao to find a land to own. However, Ricardo was drafted for military service. Upon his return, Lucia was pregnant but his father and their son died. At first he was not told the truth, the real reason why his father and son died was because they were killed by Japanese soldiers, not by illness. His wife was also r***d by the Japanese occupiers. He was angered after knowing the truth and became an enemy executioner. Because of Ricardo's behavior, Lucia sent him away. When the Japanese invaders ordered the people to go to a designated barrio to be identified as non-guerrillas, the Manhayang villagers evacuated the area, except for Lucia who wanted to wait for Ricardo who would be leading the "su***de attack" at the enemies' garrison. When they met, Ricardo asked for Lucia's forgiveness but said farewell after giving Lucia some money. Lucia refused and stayed even if she had to welcome back Ricardo as a co**se.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Stevan Javellana (or Esteban Javellana) is from LaPaz, Iloilo City during the American-Japanese era. He graduated from UP College of Law and migrated to the United States in 1945 and two years after produced the novel which became his first and only novel written in English. His short stories though were published in the 50's Manila Times Magazine.

Without Seeing the Dawn (The Lost Ones), as mentioned, became a bestseller in US and Manila and has received praises from the New York Times, New York Sun, Chicago Sun, and fellow Filipino writers.

WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN by STEVAN JAVELLANA Pardon me for being on memory lane for two consecutive posts now. I couldn't help it. I'm just proud of these Ilonggos who has made a name n...

General Types of Literature
Literature can generally be divided into two types; prose and poetry.

Prose consists of those written within the common flow of conversation in sentences and paragraphs,

While poetry refers to those expressions in verse, with measure and rhyme, line and stanza and has a more melodious tone.

Different Types of Prose

a. Novels. A long narrative divided into chapters and events are taken from true-to-life stories.

b. Short story. This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and one single impression.

c. Plays. This is presented on a stage, is divided into acts and each act has many scenes.

d. Legends. These are fictitious narratives, usually about origins.

e. Fables. These are also fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate things who speak and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes.

f. Anecdotes. These are merely products of the writer’s imagination and the main aim is to bring out lessons to the reader.

g. Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or event. The best example of this is the Editorial page of a newspaper.

h. Biography. This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his autobiography or that of others.

i. News. This is a report of everyday events in society, government, science and industry, and accidents, happening nationally or not.

j. Oration. This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public. It appeals to the intellect, to the will or to the emotions of the audience.

Different Types of Poetry

Narrative Poetry. This form describes important events in life either real or imaginary.

Lyric Poetry. Originally, this refers to a kind of poetry that is meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this applies to any type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings of the poet. They are usually short, simple and easy to understand.

Dramatic Poetry. Known as dramatic verse or verse drama, is a written work that both tells a story and connects the reader to an audience through emotions or behavior.

Definition of Literature:
Philippine Literature
The word literature is derived from the Latin term litera which means letter.
Philippine literature is the body of works, both oral and written, that Filipinos wether native, naturalized or foreign born have created about the experience of people living in or relating the Philippine society.

Philippine Literature Philippine literature is the literature associated with the Philippines and includes the legends of prehistory, and the colonial legacy of the Philippines, written in both Indigenous, and Hispanic languages. Most of the notable literature of the Philippines was written during the

-INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE LITERATURE-

Philippine literature is the literature associated with the Philippines and includes the legends of prehistory, and the colonial legacy of the Philippines, written in both Indigenous, and Hispanic languages. Most of the notable literature of the Philippines was written during the Spanish period and the first half of the 20th century in Spanish language. Philippine literature is written in Spanish, English, Tagalog, and other native Philippine languages.
Literature deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of man, literature can be said to be the story of man. Man’s loves, griefs, thoughts, dreams and aspirations coached in beautiful language is literature.
Why Do We
Need to Study
Philippine Literature?
We study literature so that we can better appreciate our literary heritage.

Through a study of our literature, we can trace the rich heritage of ideas handed down to us from our forefathers.

By the help of our literature we can understand ourselves better and take pride in being a Filipino.

Through such a study, we will realize our literary limitations conditioned by certain historical factors and we can take steps to overcome them.
Above all, as Filipinos, who truly love and take pride in our own culture, we have to manifest our deep concern for our own literature and this we can do by studying the literature of our country.
Literature and History
Literature and history, however, also have differences. Literature may be figments of the imagination or events devoid of truth that have been written down, while history is made up of events that really happened.

https://prezi.com/ekbmsp9d-kkd/philippine-literature/