09/25/2026
This , we're reflecting on Sam Bell Maxey's time in Indian Territory during the Civil War and the relationships he built with Native Nations while serving as Superintendent of Indian Affairs.
When Sam Bell Maxey arrived in Indian Territory in December 1863 as Confederate Superintendent of Indian Affairs and military commander, he faced a crisis. Thousands of Native Confederate soldiers, their families, and other civilians were hungry, displaced, and suffering from years of warfare, while shortages of food, weapons, and supplies continued to threaten the region. Maxey believed holding Indian Territory was essential, both to protect Texas, including his hometown of Paris, and because he feared Native communities would lose their homelands permanently if the territory fell to Union control.
During his fourteen months in command, Maxey worked to maintain alliances with the Five Tribes despite broken treaty promises, limited resources, and constant military pressure. Although he achieved no decisive victories and was unable to secure key forts and supplies, he earned a reputation as a strong administrator. Native and white soldiers alike respected his leadership, and Native Confederate troops followed him beyond the obligations of their treaties. Through small raids and collaboration with Native forces, his command disrupted Union operations and prolonged the war in Indian Territory.
The aftermath of the Civil War brought significant changes for the Five Tribes, whose alliance with the Confederacy resulted in new treaties and the loss of large portions of their land. Yet Maxey's relationship with Native Nations endured. The Maxey House collection includes an ebony cane presented to him by delegates of the Chickasaw Nation as a token of their esteem. Later, as a U.S. Senator, Maxey served on the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs and advocated for Native American rights.
To learn more about this complex chapter of history, watch our webinar presented by the Sam Bell Maxey House and Fort Towson Historic Site, where we explore Maxey's time in Indian Territory during the Civil War. https://www.facebook.com/reel/1643583350271287
Map courtesy of the David Rumsey Historical Map Collection
Photo of Maxey courtesy of the Texas State Library and Archives (TSLAC)